ArticleEmerging infectious diseases2025
Surveillance Strategy in Duck Flocks Vaccinated against Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus.
Article in Emerging infectious diseases, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
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Who cites it
5 citing papers in PubMed.
- Review
- The role of ducks in detecting Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza in small-scale backyard poultry farms.PLoS computational biology · 2026Article
- Article
- Effective mortality thresholds for reporting suspicion of highly pathogenic avian influenza in mule ducks.Veterinary research · 2025Article
- Evaluation of risk-based antigen and antibody surveillance strategies and their association with HPAI outbreaks in South Korean duck farms.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2025Article
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Since 2016, epizootics of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus have threatened the poultry sector in Europe. Because conventional prevention and control measures alone were insufficient in some contexts, the European Commission authorized poultry vaccination in 2023. Subsequently, France launched a nationwide duck vaccination campaign combined with a comprehensive surveillance plan. We used a mathematical model to simulate the transmission of HPAI viruses in vaccinated duck flocks and assess the effectiveness of a wide range of surveillance strategies. Sampling and testing dead ducks every week (enhanced passive surveillance) was the most sensitive (≈90%) and the most timely strategy. Active surveillance through monthly testing of a cross-sectional sample of live ducks was the least sensitive and timely strategy. Thus, we advise focusing HPAI surveillance efforts on enhanced passive surveillance and reducing active surveillance of live ducks.
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Registered trials
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