ArticlemBio2025
The alphavirus determinants of intercellular long extension formation.
Article in mBio, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed.
- Alphavirus replicase and regulatory RNA elements in host interactions and viral vector engineering.Journal of virology · 2026Review
- Recent advances in antiviral drugs for Chikungunya virus (CHIKV): Targets, mechanisms, and development strategies.Acta pharmaceutica Sinica. B · 2026Review
- Pathogenesis of Chronic Arthritis Due to Chikungunya Virus and Advances in Vaccine Development.Viruses · 2026Review
- Single-stranded nucleic acid binding enhances the in vitro catalytic activity of Chikungunya virus nsP2 protease.BBA advances · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
12 authors.
Funding
Abstract
The alphavirus chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a serious human pathogen that can cause large-scale epidemics characterized by fever and joint pain and often resulting in chronic arthritis. Infection by alphaviruses including CHIKV and the closely related Semliki Forest virus (SFV) can induce the formation of filopodia-like intercellular long extensions (ILEs). ILEs emanate from an infected cell, stably attach to a neighboring cell, and mediate cell-to-cell viral transmission that is resistant to neutralizing antibodies. However, our mechanistic understanding of ILE formation is limited, and the potential contribution of ILEs to CHIKV virulence or human CHIKV infection is unknown. Here, we used well-characterized virus mutants and monoclonal antibodies with known epitopes to dissect the virus requirements for ILE formation. Our results showed that both the viral E2 and E1 envelope proteins were required for ILE formation, while viral proteins 6K and transframe, and cytoplasmic nucleocapsid formation were dispensable. A subset of CHIKV monoclonal antibodies reduced ILE formation by masking specific regions particularly on the E2 A domain. Studies of the viral proteins from different CHIKV strains showed that ILE formation is conserved across the four major CHIKV lineages. Sera from convalescent human CHIKV patients inhibited ILE formation in cell culture, providing the first evidence for ILE inhibitory antibody production during human CHIKV infections.IMPORTANCEChikungunya virus (CHIKV) infections can cause severe fever and long-lasting joint pain in humans. CHIKV is disseminated by mosquitoes and is now found world-wide, including in the Americas, Asia, and Africa. In cultured cells, CHIKV can induce the formation of long intercellular extensions that can transmit virus to another cell. However, our understanding of the formation of extensions and their importance in human CHIKV infection is limited. We here identified viral protein requirements for extension formation. We demonstrated that specific monoclonal antibodies against the virus envelope proteins or sera from human CHIKV patients can inhibit extension formation. Our data highlight the importance of evaluation of extension formation in the context of human CHIKV infection.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.