ArticleBMC biology2024
Two highly selected mutations in the tandemly duplicated CYP6P4a and CYP6P4b genes drive pyrethroid resistance in Anopheles funestus in West Africa.
Article in BMC biology, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers.
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Who cites it
9 citing papers in PubMed.
- Insecticide Resistance Dynamics and Gene Screening inInsects · 2026Article
- Population genomics ofScience (New York, N.Y.) · 2026Article
- Transcriptomic signatures of high‑intensity pyrethroid resistance in Anopheles gambiae from a Cameroonian agricultural hotspot.BMC genomics · 2026Article
- Optimizing insecticide deployment strategies to delay quantitative resistance in mosquito populations.Journal of mathematical biology · 2026Article
- Four-year monitoring of the malaria vector Anopheles funestus in central-west Cameroon reveals an escalation of pyrethroid resistance combined with high malaria transmission.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Chlorfenapyr bednets effectively overcome pyrethroid resistance escalation in highly resistant Anopheles malaria vectors in Uganda.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- PoolSeq Genome-Wide Association Studies and Microbial Signature Analyses Identify Novel Candidates Associated With Pyrethroid Resistance Evolution in Anopheles funestus in Cameroon.Molecular ecology · 2026Article
- Genomic Drivers of Pyrethroid Resistance Escalation in the Malaria Vector Anopheles funestus Across Africa.Molecular biology and evolution · 2025Article
- Genome-wide association studies unveil major genetic loci driving insecticide resistance in Anopheles funestus in four eco-geographical settings across Cameroon.BMC genomics · 2024Article
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Authors and funding
11 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundGaining a comprehensive understanding of the genetic mechanisms underlying insecticide resistance in malaria vectors is crucial for optimising the effectiveness of insecticide-based vector control methods and developing diagnostic tools for resistance management. Considering the heterogeneity of metabolic resistance in major malaria vectors, the implementation of tailored resistance management strategies is essential for successful vector control. Here, we provide evidence demonstrating that two highly selected mutations in CYP6P4a and CYP6P4b are driving pyrethroid insecticide resistance in the major malaria vector Anopheles funestus, in West Africa.
resultsContinent-wide polymorphism survey revealed escalated signatures of directional selection of both genes between 2014 and 2021. In vitro insecticide metabolism assays with recombinant enzymes from both genes showed that mutant alleles under selection exhibit higher metabolic efficiency than their wild-type counterparts. Using the GAL4-UAS expression system, transgenic Drosophila flies overexpressing mutant alleles exhibited increased resistance to pyrethroids. These findings were consistent with in silico predictions which highlighted changes in enzyme active site architecture that enhance the affinity of mutant alleles for type I and II pyrethroids. Furthermore, we designed two DNA-based assays for the detection of CYP6P4a-M220I and CYP6P4b-D284E mutations, showing their current confinement to West Africa. Genotype/phenotype correlation analyses revealed that these markers are strongly associated with resistance to types I and II pyrethroids and combine to drastically reduce killing effects of pyrethroid bed nets.
conclusionsOverall, this study demonstrated that CYP6P4a and CYP6P4b contribute to pyrethroid resistance in An. funestus and provided two additional insecticide resistance molecular diagnostic tools that would contribute to monitoring and better management of resistance.
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