ArticleDigital health
Accuracy of virtual reality in automated measurement and diagnosis of strabismus.
Article in Digital health. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Systematic review and meta-analysis of artificial intelligence models for strabismus screening: methodological insights and future directions.International journal of surgery (London, England) · 2025Pooled it
- Conventional Versus Virtual Reality-Based Hess-Lancaster Assessment: Agreement and Repeatability in Ocular Motility Evaluation.Journal of eye movement research · 2026Article
- A Virtual Reality Simulated Alternate Cover Test to Evaluate Adults with Strabismus.Ophthalmology science · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background: To explore the accuracy of VR technology for strabismus screening. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, a total of 191 subjects were included. Examinations included VR technology based on infrared, the cover-uncover test, and the prism alternating cover test (PACT) at various gaze positions, specifically at distances of 33 cm and 6 m. The accuracy of VR in diagnosing strabismus and quantifying the degree of strabismus was evaluated by comparing the VR results to the average outcomes of manual examinations conducted by the two physicians, considered the gold standard. Results: A total of 88 healthy individuals, 81 exotropia patients, 17 esotropia patients, and five vertical strabismus patients were included in this study, and each subject was screened for less than 2 min. The sensitivity of VR for screening strabismus was 80.3% and the specificity was 80%, displaying moderately consistent with the manual results (Kappa = 0.598, Conclusions: This novel technique for strabismus screening, which utilizes virtual reality technology, enables quick, precise, and straightforward diagnosis of strabismus. It has also shown notable efficacy in accurately measuring the angle of deviation in cases of exotropia.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.