Evidence map›Paper›PMID 39690248›Full record

Trial reportDiabetologia2025

Dose-related effects of intraduodenal quinine on plasma glucose, glucoregulatory hormones and gastric emptying of a nutrient drink, and energy intake, in men with type 2 diabetes: a double-blind, randomised, crossover study.

Vida Bitarafan, Javad Anjom-Shoae, Peyman Rezaie, Penelope C E Fitzgerald, Kylie Lange, Michael Horowitz, Christine Feinle-Bisset

Abstract readRandomized Controlled Trial
PubMed Publisher
In one paragraph

Trial report in Diabetologia, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
4citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

4 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Review
  2. Article
  3. Article
  4. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

7 authors.

Vida BitarafanAdelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
Javad Anjom-ShoaeAdelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
Peyman RezaieAdelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
Penelope C E FitzgeraldAdelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
Kylie LangeAdelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
Michael HorowitzAdelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
Christine Feinle-BissetAdelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia. christine.feinle@adelaide.edu.au.

Funding

Diabetes Australia Diabetes Australia Research Project Grant (2021-National Health and Medical Research Council 2016-2022National Health and Medical Research Council Grant 1103020University of Adelaide Adelaide Scholarship International stipendsUniversity of Adelaide provi
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

aims/hypothesisQuinine, when administered intraduodenally to activate bitter-taste receptors, in a dose of 600 mg, stimulates glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and insulin, slows gastric emptying and lowers postprandial glucose in healthy people, with consequent implications for the management of type 2 diabetes; the effect of quinine on energy intake is uncertain. We have investigated the dose-related effects of quinine on postprandial blood glucose levels and energy intake in people with type 2 diabetes.

methodsMale participants with type 2 diabetes (age: 68±5 years; HbA

resultsQuinine alone had no effect. Post drink, both quinine doses reduced peak plasma glucose markedly (QHCl-600 by 2.8±0.6 mmol/l) and slowed gastric emptying (all p<0.05; n=12, except for gastric emptying, n=11). QHCl-600, but not QHCl-300, stimulated plasma GLP-1 and C-peptide modestly (both p<0.05). Quinine did not affect energy intake. CONCLUSIONS/

interpretationIn type 2 diabetes, acute intraduodenal administration of quinine markedly reduces the plasma glucose response to oral carbohydrate, but does not affect energy intake. These findings support the potential use of quinine to reduce postprandial blood glucose levels in type 2 diabetes.

trial registrationanzctr.org.au ACTRN12620000972921/ACTRN12621000218897

fundingThe study was funded by a Diabetes Australia Research Project Grant.

Indexed as

Blood GlucoseDiabetes Mellitus, Type 2Energy IntakeGastric EmptyingQuinineAgedCross-Over StudiesDouble-Blind MethodGlucagonGlucagon-Like Peptide 1HumansInsulinMaleMiddle AgedPostprandial PeriodBlood GlucoseGlucagonGlucagon-Like Peptide 1InsulinQuinineBitter tasteGlycaemic controlGut functionsGut hormonesHumansPancreatic hormonesPostprandial blood glucose

Identifiers

PMID39690248

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.