Evidence map›Paper›PMID 39688719›Full record

ArticleJournal of racial and ethnic health disparities2026

COVID-Related Discrimination and Health Care Access among a Nationally Representative, Diverse Sample of US Adults.

Miciah J Wilkerson, Alexis L Green, Allana T Forde, Stephanie A Ponce, Anita L Stewart, Anna M Nápoles, Paula D Strassle

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

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0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
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1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

7 authors.

Miciah J WilkersonDivision of Intramural Research, National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
Alexis L GreenDivision of Intramural Research, National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
Allana T FordeDivision of Intramural Research, National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
Stephanie A PonceDivision of Intramural Research, National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
Anita L StewartCenter for Aging in Diverse Communities, Institute for Health & Aging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Anna M NápolesDivision of Intramural Research, National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
Paula D StrassleDivision of Intramural Research, National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA. pdstrass@umd.edu.ORCID 0000-0002-1072-1560

Funding

RESOURCE CENTER FOR AGING RESEARCH IN DIVERSE POPULATIONP30AG015272 · NIA · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN FRANCISCO · PI Torsten Brian Neilands · 1997 to 2026
$19.5M
Translating Behavioral Interventions for Health Disparity PopulationsZIAMD000014 · NIMHD · NATIONAL INSTITUTE ON MINORITY HEALTH AND HEALTH DISPARITIES · PI CHOI, KELVIN · 2018 to 2023
$4.8M
Intramural NIH HHS ZIA MD000014NIA NIH HHS 2 P30 AG015272NIA NIH HHS P30 AG015272
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundIn the United States, COVID-related discrimination towards racial and ethnic minority populations is well documented; however, its impact on healthcare access during the pandemic has not been assessed.

methodsWe used data from our nationally representative, online survey of 5,500 American Indian/Alaska Native (AIAN), Asian, Black, Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander, Latino, White, and multiracial adults conducted between 12/2020-2/2021 (baseline) and 8/2021-9/2021 (6-month follow-up; 35.1% response rate). At baseline, participants were asked how often they experienced discriminatory behaviors "because they think you might have COVID-19" (modified Everyday Discrimination Scale). Participants were asked if they were unable to get needed health care (e.g., cancer screening), or COVID-19 testing at both time-points. Vaccine willingness was assessed at baseline and uptake at follow-up.

resultsExperiencing COVID-related discrimination was associated with not being able to get health care at baseline (OR = 3.66, 95% CI = 2.91-4.59) and follow-up (OR = 1.86, 95% CI = 1.16-2.97) and not being able to get a COVID-19 test at baseline (OR = 2.11, 95% CI = 1.68-2.65) and follow-up (OR = 4.12, 95% CI = 2.20-7.72). Experiencing discrimination was also associated with being less likely to have received a COVID-19 vaccine (OR = 0.52, 95% CI = 0.30-0.90), despite individuals who experienced discrimination being more willing to vaccinate at baseline (OR = 1.56, 95% CI = 1.10-2.22).

conclusionsCOVID-related discrimination was associated with an increased likelihood of being unable to get health care across all racial and ethnic populations, although associations were strongest among Asian, AIAN, and Latino adults. Healthcare providers should be aware of the impact of discrimination on healthcare utilization, delays, and health-seeking behaviors, especially among racial and ethnic minorities.

Indexed as

COVID-19Health Services AccessibilityRacismAdolescentAdultAgedFemaleHumansMaleMiddle AgedMinority GroupsSARS-CoV-2United StatesYoung AdultCOVID-19COVID-19 testingDelayed care COVID-19 vaccineDiscriminationHealth care utilization

Identifiers

PMID39688719
PMCPMC12180393

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.