Evidence map›Paper›PMID 39687169›Full record

ArticleHeliyon2024

Comparative property investigation of raw and treated coconut shell biomass for potential polymer composite application.

Dennis O Bichang'a, Isiaka O Oladele, Oladunni O Alabi, Fatai O Aramide, Olasunkanmi Oluseye, Sunday G Borisade, David N Githinji, Mike O Ojemaye

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Heliyon, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
2citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

2 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors.

Dennis O Bichang'aDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Kirinyaga University, P. O. Box 143-10300, Kerugoya, Kenya.
Isiaka O OladeleDepartment of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Akure, PMB 704, Ondo State, Nigeria.
Oladunni O AlabiDepartment of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Akure, PMB 704, Ondo State, Nigeria.
Fatai O AramideDepartment of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Akure, PMB 704, Ondo State, Nigeria.
Olasunkanmi OluseyeDepartment of Chemistry, Federal University of Technology, Akure, PMB 704, Ondo State, Nigeria.
Sunday G BorisadeDepartment of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Akure, PMB 704, Ondo State, Nigeria.
David N GithinjiDepartment of Manufacturing, Industrial and Textile Engineering, Moi University, P. O. Box 3900, Eldoret, Kenya.
Mike O OjemayeDepartment of Chemistry, University of Fort Hare, Alice, 5700, Eastern Cape, X1314, South Africa.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

The use of environmentally friendly materials for industrial applications has increased tremendously in the past decades due to environmental concerns associated with using synthetic materials. The present comparative investigation studied the properties of raw and chemically-treated coconut shell biomass for possible polymeric composite applications. The coconut shell biomass was treated with alkali (NaOH), bleaching and combined NaOH-bleaching solutions and investigated the surface morphology, chemical transformations, and thermal stability. Untreated and chemically modified coconut shell biomass was characterized through the determination of chemical constituents, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric (TGA), and morphological analyses. Chemically treated coconut shell biomass reported a significant increase in cellulose constituents, reaching 74.72% for combined NaOH-bleach treated samples with accompanying reductions in lignin and hemicellulose, as confirmed by FTIR spectroscopy. Further, the study reported an increase in crystallinity index with chemical treatment. For instance, combined NaOH-bleach treatment reported a maximum crystallinity index of 80.29% compared to 44.82% for untreated biomass. Alkali treatment improved thermal stability as indicated by an increase in the onset temperature of degradation to 255°C from 250°C for raw samples. Post-treatment, improved surface purity and roughness were observed, indicating enhanced fibre/matrix interlocking during composite fabrication. Moreover, combined NaOH-bleaching treatment exhibited enhanced surface hydrophobicity, as indicated by a maximum C/O ratio of 0.93 compared to 0.64 for untreated samples. In conclusion, combined NaOH-bleaching treatment significantly improved the chemical, structural and morphological properties of coconut shell biomass, suggesting its potential for developing low-cost, lightweight, renewable, and sustainable composite materials.

Indexed as

alkali and bleaching treatmentsCoconut shellCrystallinity indexSustainable materialThermal stability

Identifiers

PMID39687169
PMCPMC11648125

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.