Observational studyWomen's health (London, England)
Drug overdose deaths among women 1999-2021 in the United States: Differences by race, ethnicity, and age.
Observational study in Women's health (London, England). The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
10 citing papers in PubMed.
- Factors Associated With Opioid-Involved Overdose: Descriptive Data From a Randomized Controlled Trial Evaluating Extended-Release Buprenorphine for Perinatal Opioid Use Disorder.Substance use & addiction journal · 2026Trial
- Reproductive health considerations for HIV prevention integrated care models for women who inject drugs: Qualitative perspective of participants and providers in HIV Prevention Trials Network 094.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2026Article
- Syringe service program utilization, behavioral, and experiential factors associated with greater naloxone protection in a longitudinal cohort of people who use illicit opioids in New York city.Harm reduction journal · 2026Article
- Brain-wide mapping reveals temporal and sexually dimorphic opioid actions.Communications biology · 2026Article
- Opioid overdose and cardiovascular disease-related mortality: a retrospective analysis using real-world data from the USA, 1999-2023.Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine · 2026Article
- Bereavement service deserts: A 2024 statewide assessment of bereavement services.Death studies · 2025Article
- Overdose Data to Action: A qualitative analysis of funded activities tailored for women.Journal of substance use and addiction treatment · 2025Article
- Syringe Service Program Utilization, Behavioral, and Experiential Factors Associated with Greater Naloxone Protection in a Longitudinal Cohort of People Who Use Illicit Opioids in New York City.Research square · 2025Article
- The role of micro-, meso-, and macro-level stigma on the uptake of medications for opioid use disorder (MOUD) among women in the criminal legal system.BMC women's health · 2025Article
- Adolescent Fentanyl Use: Toxicological Risks, Epidemiological Trends, and Public Health Strategies.Cureus · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundThe U.S. drug overdose epidemic is increasingly severe and steep increases have been seen among women.
objectiveTo explore trends in drug overdose deaths among women in the United States by race, ethnicity, and age group.
designThis study is a retrospective observational study of drug overdose deaths among U.S. women from 1999 to 2021.
methodsWe use CDC WONDER Multiple Causes of Death files data using
resultsFrom 1999 to 2021, overdose deaths among all women in the United States increased by 480%. Overdose deaths rose 750% for non-Hispanic AI/AN women, 490% for non-Hispanic Black women, 450% for non-Hispanic White women, 325% for Hispanic women, and 150% for non-Hispanic Asian or Pacific Islander women. Women ages 35-44 and 45-54 saw the largest increases in overall overdose deaths. Cocaine-related deaths were more prevalent among non-Hispanic Black women, opioid and methamphetamine-related deaths were more prevalent among non-Hispanic AI/AN women, and benzodiazepine-related deaths were more prevalent among non-Hispanic White women.
conclusionIncreases in overdose deaths were noted in all races, ethnicities, and age groups, with deaths continuing to accelerate in 2021. Our study highlights a need for interventions expanding access to medications for opioid use disorder, naloxone, fentanyl test strips, and contingency management while accounting for gendered roles and vulnerabilities.
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