Sensing in Inland Waters to Promote Safe Navigation: A Case Study in the Aveiro's Lagoon.

Maritime navigation safety relies on preventing accidents, such as collisions and groundings. However, several factors can exacerbate these risks, including inexistent or inadequate buoyage systems and nautical charts with outdated bathymetry. The International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) highlights high costs and traditional methods as obstacles to updating bathymetric information, impacting both safety and socio-economic factors. Navigation in inland and coastal waters is particularly complex due to the presence of shallow intertidal zones that are not signaled, where navigation depends on tidal height, vessel draw, and local knowledge. To address this, recreational vessels can use electronic maritime sensors to share critical data with nearby vessels. This article introduces a low-cost maritime data sharing system using IoT technologies for both inland (e.g., Ria de Aveiro) and coastal waters. The system enables the collection and sharing of meteorological and oceanographic data, including depth, tide height, wind direction, and speed. Using a case study in the Ria de Aveiro lagoon, known for its navigational difficulties, the system was developed with a Contextual Design approach focusing on sailors' needs. It allows for the real-time sharing of data, helping vessels to anticipate maneuvers for safer navigation. The results demonstrate the system's potential to improve maritime safety in both inland and coastal areas.