Modeling and Optimization of Energy Harvesters for Specific Applications Using COMSOL and Equivalent Spring Models.

Energy harvesting from natural sources, including bodily movements, vehicle engine vibrations, and ocean waves, poses challenges due to the broad range of frequency bands involved. Piezoelectric materials are frequently used in energy harvesters, although their effectiveness depends on aligning the device's natural frequency with the frequency of the target energy source. This study models energy harvesters customized for specific applications by adjusting their natural frequencies to match the required bandwidth. We evaluate commercially available piezoelectric transducers and model them using COMSOL Multiphysics alongside an equivalent spring-mass schematic approach, enabling precise adjustments to optimize energy capture. The proposed system achieves a maximum power output of 160 µW and a power density of 187.35 µW/cm3 at a natural frequency of 65 Hz. Furthermore, the theoretical maximum power density is calculated as 692.97 W/m3, demonstrating the system's potential for high energy efficiency under optimal conditions. Simulations are validated against experimental data to ensure accuracy. Our findings provide a design framework for optimizing energy harvester performance across diverse energy sources, leading to more efficient and application-specific devices for varied environmental conditions.