ArticleNutrients2024
Simulation of Daily Iron Intake by Actual Diet Considering Future Trends in Wheat and Rice Biofortification, Environmental, and Dietary Factors: An Italian Case Study.
Article in Nutrients, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
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Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed.
- Article
- The National Food Consumption Survey IV SCAI: Nutrient Intakes and Related Dietary Sources in Italy.Nutrients · 2025Article
- Preventive Effect of Upland Pigmented Potatoes Against LPS-Induced Inflammation in THP-1 Macrophages.Molecular nutrition & food research · 2025Article
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Authors and funding
11 authors.
Funding
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND
aimCereals' iron content is a major contributor to dietary iron intake in Europe and a potential for biofortification. A simulation of daily iron intake from wheat and rice over the next 20 years will be quantified.
methodsFood items, and energy and iron intake by age classes are estimated using the Italian dietary survey (IV SCAI). Iron intake and adequacy estimation trends were categorized in four scenarios compared to a baseline (basic scenario; only climate change effects): over wheat and rice biofortification effects (scenario 1); over the shift in whole wheat consumption of up to 50% of the total amount of wheat-based foods (scenario 2); over the shift in brown rice consumption up to 100% of the total amount of rice (scenario 3); over the cumulative effects of biofortifications and whole wheat and brown rice consumption (scenario 4).
resultsIncreasing the iron intake from wheat and rice biofortification and the shift in whole wheat consumption is similar and sufficient to recover the baseline iron depletion effect due to climate change. The shift in brown rice consumption produces a negligible increment in iron intake. The cumulative effects of the corrective actions considered in the scenarios can significantly reduce the iron intake inadequacy, despite not reaching the recommended levels.
conclusionsCorrective actions including biofortification and whole grain consumption are still far from ensuring the full recovery in children and females of fertile age as at-risk groups of iron deficiency. Further actions are needed considering other biofortified food sources, fortified foods, and/or dietary food diversification.
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