SMEA-YOLOv8n: A Sheep Facial Expression Recognition Method Based on an Improved YOLOv8n Model.

Sheep facial expressions are valuable indicators of their pain levels, playing a critical role in monitoring their health and welfare. In response to challenges such as missed detections, false positives, and low recognition accuracy in sheep facial expression recognition, this paper introduces an enhanced algorithm based on YOLOv8n, referred to as SimAM-MobileViTAttention-EfficiCIoU-AA2_SPPF-YOLOv8n (SMEA-YOLOv8n). Firstly, the proposed method integrates the parameter-free Similarity-Aware Attention Mechanism (SimAM) and MobileViTAttention modules into the CSP Bottleneck with 2 Convolutions(C2f) module of the neck network, aiming to enhance the model's feature representation and fusion capabilities in complex environments while mitigating the interference of irrelevant background features. Additionally, the EfficiCIoU loss function replaces the original Complete IoU(CIoU) loss function, thereby improving bounding box localization accuracy and accelerating model convergence. Furthermore, the Spatial Pyramid Pooling-Fast (SPPF) module in the backbone network is refined with the addition of two global average pooling layers, strengthening the extraction of sheep facial expression features and bolstering the model's core feature fusion capacity. Experimental results reveal that the proposed method achieves a mAP@0.5 of 92.5%, a Recall of 91%, a Precision of 86%, and an F1-score of 88.0%, reflecting improvements of 4.5%, 9.1%, 2.8%, and 6.0%, respectively, compared to the baseline model. Notably, the mAP@0.5 for normal and abnormal sheep facial expressions increased by 3.7% and 5.3%, respectively, demonstrating the method's effectiveness in enhancing recognition accuracy under complex environmental conditions.