ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2024
Optimization of swim depth across diverse taxa during horizontal travel.
Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed.
- Records of compass heading for long-distance ocean migrators show mid-ocean reorientation.Science advances · 2026Article
- Pioneering insights into the diving behavior of early-stage sea turtles revealed by novel marine miniaturized satellite tags.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Penguins exploit tidal currents for efficient navigation and opportunistic foraging.PLoS biology · 2025Article
- Optimization of swim depth across diverse taxa during horizontal travel.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2024Article
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Authors and funding
10 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Semiaquatic taxa, including humans, often swim at the air-water interface where they waste energy generating surface waves. For fully marine animals however, theory predicts the most cost-efficient depth-use pattern for migrating, air-breathing species that do not feed in transit is to travel at around 2 to 3 times the depth of their body diameter, to minimize the vertical distance traveled while avoiding wave drag close to the surface. This has rarely been examined, however, due to depth measurement resolution issues at the surface. Here, we present evidence for the use of this strategy in the wild to the nearest centimeter and document the switch to shallow swimming during naturally occurring long-distance migrations. Using high-resolution depth-accelerometry and video data for little penguins (
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