ArticleeLife2024
Contributions of associative and non-associative learning to the dynamics of defensive ethograms.
Article in eLife, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers.
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Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed.
- PAG-dependent defensive strategy selection: From stress-induced rigidity to adaptive flexibility.iScience · 2026Article
- Tail-rattling in rodents: more than a threat display.Journal of comparative physiology. A, Neuroethology, sensory, neural, and behavioral physiology · 2026Review
- Rats use darting as a strategy to navigate between reward and safety during platform-mediated active avoidance under different social contexts.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- A corticostriatal circuit mediates the switching of defensive responses to an approaching threat.Translational psychiatry · 2026Article
- Second-order conditioning of safety in male and female rats.Behavioural brain research · 2026Article
- Corticotropin-Releasing Factor and Somatostatin Neurons in the Central Amygdala Mediate Dynamic Defensive Behaviors during Fear Extinction.The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience · 2026Article
- Endocannabinoid modulation of defensive state transitions to innate and learned threat.Psychopharmacology · 2026Article
- Darting during platform-mediated avoidance in male and female rats is spatially organized between reward and safety locations.Frontiers in behavioral neuroscience · 2026Article
- Sex-specific exploration accounts for differences in valence learning in male and female mice.eLife · 2025Article
- The exploration of consciousness in insects.Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences · 2025Review
- When Silence Breaks: The Influence of Pure Tones and White Noises on Conditioned Flight Responses.Brain and behavior · 2025Review
- Article
- Ethograms reveal a fear conditioned visual cue to organize diverse behaviors.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2024Article
- Behavioral outputs and overlapping circuits between conditional fear and active avoidance.Neurobiology of learning and memory · 2024Review
- Comprehensive ethological analysis of fear expression in rats using DeepLabCut and SimBA machine learning model.Frontiers in behavioral neuroscience · 2024Article
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7 authors.
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Abstract
Defensive behavior changes based on threat intensity, proximity, and context of exposure, and learning about danger-predicting stimuli is critical for survival. However, most Pavlovian fear conditioning paradigms focus only on freezing behavior, obscuring the contributions of associative and non-associative mechanisms to dynamic defensive responses. To thoroughly investigate defensive ethograms, we subjected male and female adult C57BL/6 J mice to a Pavlovian conditioning paradigm that paired footshock with a serial compound stimulus (SCS) consisting of distinct tone and white noise (WN) stimulus periods. To investigate how associative and non-associative mechanisms affect defensive responses, we compared this paired SCS-footshock group with four control groups that were conditioned with either pseudorandom unpaired presentations of SCS and footshock, shock only, or reversed SCS presentations with inverted tone-WN order, with paired or unpaired presentations. On day 2 of conditioning, the paired group exhibited robust freezing during the tone period with switching to explosive jumping and darting behaviors during the WN period. Comparatively, the unpaired and both reverse SCS groups expressed less tone-induced freezing and rarely showed jumping or darting during WN. Following the second day of conditioning, we observed how defensive behavior changed over two extinction sessions. During extinction, the tone-induced freezing decreased in the paired group, and mice rapidly shifted from escape jumping during WN to a combination of freezing and darting. The unpaired, unpaired reverse, and shock-only groups displayed defensive tail rattling and darting during the SCS, with minimal freezing and jumping. Interestingly, the paired reverse group did not jump to WN, and tone-evoked freezing was resistant to extinction. These findings demonstrate that non-associative factors promote some defensive responsiveness, but associative factors are required for robust cue-induced freezing and high-intensity flight expression.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.