ArticleOpen forum infectious diseases2024
Risk Factors for Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis Among US Veterans, 1990-2022.
Article in Open forum infectious diseases, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
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Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed.
- Epidemiology of extrapulmonary tuberculosis, Alameda County, California, 2010-2021.Journal of clinical tuberculosis and other mycobacterial diseases · 2026Article
- Clinical spectrum of extrapulmonary tuberculosis at a tertiary care centre in Ghana: a retrospective study.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Article
- Comparative Insights into COVID-19 and Tuberculosis: Clinical Manifestations, Inflammatory Markers, and Outcomes in Pulmonary Versus Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis andJournal of clinical medicine · 2025Article
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Purpose: To determine factors that put US veterans with active tuberculosis at risk for extrapulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB) compared with pulmonary tuberculosis. Methods: We included veterans with laboratory-confirmed tuberculosis from 1990-2022 in our retrospective cohort study. Multivariable logistic regression was used to estimate the association of demographic and clinical risk factors with EPTB. Results: Of 7493 veterans aged 20-100 years (median, 58 years) with laboratory-confirmed tuberculosis, 1397 (19%) had EPTB. The most common EPTB infection among veterans was pleural (31.4%), while meningitis carried the highest mortality risk at 90 days. Factors independently associated with EPTB among veterans were non-Hispanic black race/ethnicity, diabetes mellitus, human immunodeficiency virus infection, severe kidney disease, and all-cause mortality within 90 days after tuberculosis diagnosis. Conclusions: Our study demonstrated several risk factors for EPTB among US veterans. Healthcare providers should be educated regarding patient populations at risk for EPTB, especially given the challenges in diagnosing this disease and the importance of instituting early treatment to prevent severe illness and death.
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