Nutritional enhancement of animal feed and forage crops via genetic modification.

Introducing beneficial productivity and nutritional traits into food, feed and forage crops utilising the tools of biotechnology can lead to improvements via genetic modification that cannot be achieved by traditional plant breeding. The timelines and costs are significant, and the regulatory hurdles can lead to some promising traits failing to be commercialised. These challenges mean that large commodity crops are the primary beneficiaries of biotechnology. New Zealand being primarily a grazing pastoral agricultural market and small in international terms, faces greater challenges. The species used in pastoral agriculture have relatively small seed markets and therefore limited investment for genetic improvement. The nutritional quality of feed and forages both in composition and in energy density per ha has a major influence on animal productivity and the environmental impacts of agriculture. Through government and private industry support, AgResearch has developed novel approaches to improve plant photosynthesis, energy density, and nutritional quality that has applications in crops globally. This review discusses the different challenges and solutions to improving plant nutrient density and outlines the benefits of these novel biotechnology traits in animal forage and feed crops.