Advancing the Battle against Cystic Fibrosis: Stem Cell and Gene Therapy Insights.

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a hereditary disorder characterized by mutations in the CFTR gene, leading to impaired chloride ion transport and subsequent thickening of mucus in various organs, particularly the lungs. Despite significant progress in CF management, current treatments focus mainly on symptom relief and do not address the underlying genetic defects. Stem cell and gene therapies present promising avenues for tackling CF at its root cause. Stem cells, including embryonic, induced pluripotent, mesenchymal, hematopoietic, and lung progenitor cells, offer regenerative potential by differentiating into specialized cells and modulating immune responses. Similarly, gene therapy aims to correct CFTR gene mutations by delivering functional copies of the gene into affected cells. Various approaches, such as viral and nonviral vectors, gene editing with CRISPR-Cas9, small interfering RNA (siRNA) therapy, and mRNA therapy, are being explored to achieve gene correction. Despite their potential, challenges such as safety concerns, ethical considerations, delivery system optimization, and long-term efficacy remain. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the current understanding of CF pathophysiology, the rationale for exploring stem cell and gene therapies, the types of therapies available, their mechanisms of action, and the challenges and future directions in the field. By addressing these challenges, stem cell and gene therapies hold promise for transforming CF management and improving the quality of life of affected individuals.