ArticleEuropean heart journal. Quality of care & clinical outcomes2025
Performance of the ARC-HBR criteria in ST-elevation myocardial infarction. Significance of smoking as an additional bleeding risk factor.
Article in European heart journal. Quality of care & clinical outcomes, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
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Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- In Hospital Assessment and Management of High Bleeding Risk in Patients with ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction (STEMI).Journal of cardiovascular development and disease · 2026Review
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7 authors.
Funding
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND
aimsThe Academic Research Consortium for High Bleeding Risk criteria (ARC-HBR) are recommended by guidelines for bleeding risk assessment in ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). The aim of this study was to identify possible other risk factors and adjust the original ARC-HBR criteria for confounders. METHODS AND
resultsAll consecutive STEMI patients managed in a Finnish tertiary hospital between 2016 and 2022 were identified using a database search. Data collection was done by reviewing electronic patient records. Bleeding risk was assessed according to the ARC-HBR criteria. The primary endpoint was non-access site bleeding academic research consortium (BARC) type 3 or 5 bleeding during 1-year follow-up. A total of 1548 STEMI patients were analysed. HBR criteria was fulfilled in 661 (42.7%). Multivariable competing risk analysis identified only 4 individual ARC-HBR criteria as independent risk factors for bleeding. Smoking status was identified as a novel bleeding risk factor. Current and former smokers had increased bleeding risk compared with never smokers [hazard ratio (HR) 3.01, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.62-5.61 and HR 1.99, CI 1.19-3.34]. In those not meeting any ARC-HBR criteria, cumulative BARC 3 or 5 incidence of current smoking was 3.40% and intracranial haemorrhage (ICH) 1.36%. Thus, exceeding ARC-HBR definition for a major criterion. In the non-HBR group the prevalence of current smoking was 40.4% (n = 358).
conclusionCurrent and former smoking predicts major bleeding complications after STEMI. Current smoking is highly prevalent among those classified as non-HBR according to the ARC-HBR criteria.
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