Biological Synthesis of Metallic Nanoparticles: Latest Insights and Applications.

Nanotechnology is rapidly transforming various fields, including medicine, environmental conservation, agriculture, and pharmaceuticals. The production of metallic nanoparticles is a key area within this field, known for its innovative applications. However, traditional chemical and physical methods used for nanoparticle synthesis often involve toxic chemicals and are expensive, making them unsuitable for large-scale production. To address these issues, there has been a growing focus on developing sustainable, cost-effective, and eco-friendly methods. One promising approach is the biological synthesis of metallic nanoparticles. This technique combines principles from biology and nanotechnology, using natural sources such as plant extracts, bacteria, fungi, yeast, and algae to produce nanoparticles in an environmentally friendly way. This review examines the biological synthesis of various metal nanoparticles, including platinum, palladium, gold, and silver. It explores different green methods used for their production and discusses the mechanisms that enable these biological processes. Additionally, the review highlights the diverse applications of these nanoparticles, from environmental cleanup and heavy metal removal to cancer treatment and drug delivery. By focusing on green synthesis methods, this approach not only reduces environmental impact but also offers a scalable, sustainable alternative to traditional nanoparticle production techniques. As research in this area advances, these eco-friendly methods are expected to play a crucial role in the future of nanotechnology.