ReviewFrontiers in immunology2024
A comprehensive neuroimaging review of the primary and metastatic brain tumors treated with immunotherapy: current status, and the application of advanced imaging approaches and artificial intelligence.
Review in Frontiers in immunology, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
8 citing papers in PubMed.
- Post-therapy imaging of adult brain tumours: patterns, pitfalls, and practical framework.Insights into imaging · 2026Article
- Solitary Brain Metastasis From Hepatocellular Carcinoma Masquerading as Acute Ischaemic Stroke: Radiological Diagnosis and Clinical Implications.Case reports in radiology · 2026Article
- Review
- MR perfusion characteristics of pseudoprogression in brain tumors treated with immunotherapy - a comparative study with chemo-radiation induced pseudoprogression and radiation necrosis.Journal of neuro-oncology · 2025Article
- MRI features and preliminary diagnostic assessment using large language models of cystic tumor progression mimicking radiation necrosis in brain metastasis patients treated with immunotherapy: case report.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Editorial: Combination immunotherapy and immune response assessment of brain tumours.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Artificial intelligence-, organoid-, and organ-on-chip-powered models to improve pre-clinical animal testing of vaccines and immunotherapeutics: potential, progress, and challenges.Frontiers in artificial intelligence · 2025Review
- Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy has emerged as a novel clinical therapeutic option for a variety of solid tumors over the past decades. The application of immunotherapy in primary and metastatic brain tumors continues to grow despite limitations due to the physiological characteristics of the immune system within the central nervous system (CNS) and distinct pathological barriers of malignant brain tumors. The post-immunotherapy treatment imaging is more complex. In this review, we summarize the clinical application of immunotherapies in solid tumors beyond the CNS. We provide an overview of current immunotherapies used in brain tumors, including immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), oncolytic viruses, vaccines, and CAR T-cell therapies. We focus on the imaging criteria for the assessment of treatment response to immunotherapy, and post-immunotherapy treatment imaging patterns. We discuss advanced imaging techniques in the evaluation of treatment response to immunotherapy in brain tumors. The imaging characteristics of immunotherapy treatment-related complications in CNS are described. Lastly, future imaging challenges in this field are explored.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.