ArticlePsychiatric research and clinical practice2024
Diagnosing Adolescent Substance Use and Co-Occurring Disorders Using the Global Appraisal of Individual Needs Quick Version-4.
Article in Psychiatric research and clinical practice, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT05001399 (Feasibility of Using Holographic Memory Resolution®), which is not on this map. Cited by 2 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Feasibility of Using Holographic Memory Resolution® (HMR) in Patients/Clients With Pain
Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Adults with problematic opioid use released from jail: Mutual help groups and medication support contribute to a greater likelihood of opioid abstinence.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2026Article
- Requiem for Many Dreams? Comorbid Substance Use and Disruptive Behaviour Disorders in Adolescents.Indian journal of psychological medicine · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Objective: Early identification of substance use during adolescence is imperative to reduce the risk of morbidity and mortality. The aim of this study was to determine the utility of the Global Appraisal of Individual Needs-Quick Version 4 (GAIN-Q4) at diagnosing substance use disorders (SUDs) in adolescents. Methods: The GAIN-Q4 was developed from the GAIN-Quick Version 3 by adding items from the original measure (GAIN-I) to diagnose SUDs and provide level of care recommendations. Prevalence, sensitivity (SE), specificity, Cohen's kappa, and percent agreement between the GAIN-I and GAIN-Q4 were calculated for substance use and mental health (MH) diagnoses. The GAIN-I was administered to adolescents aged 12-17 and adults across levels of care and service settings from 2002 to 2018. The sample included 101,897 adolescents (71.50% male; average age 15.59, SD = 1.25 years) and 204,711 adults aged 18 and older (61.72% male; average age 34.24; SD = 11.67). Results: Nearly half of adolescents (43%) had at least one SUD and one MH diagnosis based on the GAIN-Q4. The sensitivity and specificity of the GAIN-Q4 for diagnosing any SUD in adolescents was 89% and 93%, respectively. There was 90% agreement between the GAIN-Q4 and GAIN-I for any SUD (Cohen's kappa of 0.80). Sensitivities for all SUD subtypes were >90%. Conclusions: The GAIN-Q4 is excellent at identifying adolescents with problems related to co-occurring MH and SUDs (SE = 97%). The GAIN-Q4 is a reliable instrument for the diagnosis of SUDs in adolescents and has the potential to facilitate appropriate allocation of treatment resources. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT05001399.
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Registered trials
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