Evidence map›Paper›PMID 39668280›Full record

ArticleBehavior research methods2024

The forced-response method: A new chronometric approach to measure conflict processing.

Taraz G Lee, Jacob Sellers, John Jonides, Han Zhang

Abstract read
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In one paragraph

Article in Behavior research methods, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
4citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

4 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. Article
  3. Article
  4. Dissociable Causal Roles of Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex and Primary Motor Cortex over the Course of Motor Skill Development.The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience · 2025
    Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

4 authors.

Taraz G LeeDepartment of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA. tarazlee@umich.edu.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3186-8625
Jacob SellersDepartment of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
John JonidesDepartment of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
Han ZhangDepartment of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.

Funding

Investigating interference-control in ADHD using a novel forced-response methodR21MH129909 · NIMH · UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN AT ANN ARBOR · PI JONIDES, JOHN · 2023 to 2024
$429k
College of Literature, Science, and Arts, University of Michigan U074369Division of Behavioral and Cognitive Sciences 2342319NIMH NIH HHS R21MH129909
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Despite long-standing concerns about the use of free reaction times (RTs) in cognitive psychology, they remain a prevalent measure of conflict resolution. This report presents the forced-response method as a fresh approach to examine speed-accuracy trade-off functions (SATs) in conflict tasks. The method involves fixing the overall response time, varying the onset of stimuli, and observing response expression. We applied this method to an arrow flanker task. By systematically varying the time between stimulus onset and response, we reveal a comprehensive time course of the flanker interference effect that is rarely observed in previous literature. We further show that influential manipulations observed in free-RT paradigms similarly affect accuracy within the forced-response technique, suggesting that the forced-response method retains the core cognitive processing characteristics of traditional free-RT conflict tasks. As a behavioral method that examines the time course of cognitive processing, the forced-response method provides a novel and more nuanced look into the dynamics of conflict resolution.

Indexed as

Conflict, PsychologicalReaction TimeAdultCognitionFemaleHumansMalePsychomotor PerformanceTime FactorsYoung AdultConflict processingConflict resolutionResponse conflictResponse signalSpeed–accuracy trade-off

Identifiers

PMID39668280

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.