ArticleDrug and alcohol review2025
Consumer reactions to multiple and single health warnings on static alcohol ads: A factorial survey experiment with a convenience sample of adults in Ireland.
Article in Drug and alcohol review, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Designing a web-based factorial survey experiment on diagnostic evaluation of cardiovascular symptoms in emergency care.Research and practice in thrombosis and haemostasis · 2026Article
- Consumer reactions to multiple and single health warnings on static alcohol ads: A factorial survey experiment with a convenience sample of adults in Ireland.Drug and alcohol review · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
Abstract
introductionAs part of several measures to inform consumers about the health risks of alcohol, the Irish Government signed into law the Public Health (Alcohol) Act 2018, with Section 13 requiring the implementation of multiple health warnings in all alcohol ads. Although health warnings on product labels have been subject to intensive political discussion and academic research, health warnings in alcohol ads have received little attention.
methodsA between-subject factorial survey experiment was conducted with a convenience sample of adults in Ireland (n = 932) to compare single-text, multiple-text and shocking image-and-text health warnings displayed on two types of static alcohol ads-an ad with social imagery featuring people drinking alcohol and an ad featuring only the alcohol product. Believability of health warnings, negative emotions, perceived risks of alcohol use and self-efficacy to drink less were measured after viewing each alcohol ad with or without health warnings.
resultsSingle-text health warnings, with and without shocking imagery, were more effective in increasing negative emotions than multiple-text health warnings (p ≤ 0.001), whereas multiple-text warnings were found to be more believable than single-text warnings (p ≤ 0.001). No significant effects were found on perceived risks of alcohol use and self-efficacy to drink less (p > 0.05). The warnings did not differ across demographic groups and the type of alcohol ads on all outcomes (p > 0.05). DISCUSSIONS AND
conclusionsA single health warning emphasising cancer risk could be a useful starting point for policymakers when implementing health warnings in alcohol ads.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.