Endoscopic innovations in diagnosis and management of pancreatic cancer: a narrative review and future directions.

Pancreatic cancer serves as the third leading cause of cancer-associated morbidity and mortality in the United States, with a 5-year survival rate of only 12% with an expected increase in incidence and mortality in the coming years. Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas constitute most pancreatic malignancies. Certain genetic syndromes, including Lynch syndrome, hereditary breast and ovarian cancer syndrome, hereditary pancreatitis, familial adenomatous polyposis, Peutz-Jeghers syndrome, familial pancreatic cancer mutation, and ataxia telangiectasia, confer a significantly higher risk. Screening for pancreatic malignancies currently targets patients with germline mutations or those with significant family history. Screening the general population is not currently viable owing to overall low incidence and lack of specific tests. Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) and its applied advances are increasingly being used for surveillance, diagnosis, and management of pancreatic malignancies and have now become an indispensable tool in their management. For patients with risk factors, EUS in combination with magnetic resonance imaging/magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography is used for screening. The role of endoscopic modalities has been expanding with the increased utilization of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, EUS-directed therapies include EUS-guided fine-needle aspiration and EUS-fine-needle biopsy (FNB). EUS combined with FNB has the highest specificity and sensitivity for detecting pancreatic cancer amongst available modalities. Studies also recognize that artificial intelligence assisted EUS in the early detection of pancreatic cancer. At the same time, surgical resection has been historically considered the only curative treatment for pancreatic cancer, over 80% of patients present with unresectable disease. We also discuss EUS-guided therapies of physicochemicals (radiofrequency ablation, brachytherapy, and intratumor chemotherapy), biological agents (gene therapies and oncolytic viruses), and immunotherapy. We aim to perform a detailed review of the current burden, risk factors, role of screening, diagnosis, and endoscopic advances in the treatment modalities available for pancreatic cancer.