ArticleEcology2025
Intrinsic and environmental drivers of pairwise cohesion in wild Canis social groups.
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Article in Ecology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.
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5 citing papers in PubMed.
- Sociability Under Anthropogenic Change: From Individual Behaviour to Population-Level Consequences.Ecology and evolution · 2026Review
- Drivers of spatial dynamics of a large ungulate (American Bison,Journal of mammalogy · 2026Article
- Article
- Article
- Human disturbance, preys and refuge cover shape top predator movements in anthropogenic landscapes.Behavioral ecology : official journal of the International Society for Behavioral EcologyArticle
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Authors and funding
102 authors.
John F BensonSchool of Natural Resources, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3993-4340
David A KeiterSchool of Natural Resources, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA.
Peter J MahoneySchool of Natural Resources, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA.
Benjamin L AllenInstitute for Life Sciences and the Environment, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Queensland, Australia.
Lee AllenDepartment of Agriculture and Fisheries, Queensland Government, Toowoomba, Australia.
Francisco ÁlvaresCIBIO/InBIO Research Center in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, University of Porto, Vairão, Portugal.
Morgan L AndersonBritish Columbia Ministry of Forests Lands, and Natural Resource Operations, Prince George, British Columbia, Canada.
Shannon M Barber-MeyerPacific Whale Foundation, Wailuku, Hawaii, USA.
Adi BarocasHula Research Center, Department of Animal Sciences, Tel-Hai College, Qiryat Shemona, Israel.
James C BeasleyUniversity of Georgia Savannah River Ecology Laboratory, Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, Aiken, South Carolina, USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9707-3713
Linda BehrendorffDepartment of Environment and Science, K'gari (Fraser Island), Fraser Coast, Queensland, Australia.
Jerrold L BelantDepartment of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA.
Dean E BeyerDepartment of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA.
Luigi BoitaniDepartment of Biology and Biotechnologies, University of Rome La Sapienza, Roma, Italy.
Bridget L BorgDenali National Park and Preserve, National Park Service, Denali Park, Alaska, USA.
Stan BoutinDepartment of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
Erin E BoydstonS.P.E.C.I.E.S., Ventura, California, USA.
Justin L BrownSanta Monica Mountains National Recreation Area, National Park Service, Thousand Oaks, California, USA.
Joseph K BumpDepartment of Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Saint Paul, Minnesota, USA.
Jonathon D CepekCleveland Metroparks, Strongsville, Ohio, USA.
Michael J ChamberlainWarnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA.
Yvette M Chenaux-IbrahimGrand Portage Band of Lake Superior Chippewa, Grand Portage, Minnesota, USA.
Seth G CherryParks Canada Agency, Radium Hot Springs, British Columbia, Canada.
Duško ĆirovićFaculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.
Paolo CiucciDepartment of Biology and Biotechnologies, University of Rome La Sapienza, Roma, Italy.
H Dean CluffEnvironment and Natural Resources, Government of the Northwest Territories, Yellowknife, Northwest Territories, Canada.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9233-1450
Susan M CooperTexas A&M AgriLife Research, Uvalde, Texas, USA.
Kevin R CrooksDepartment of Fish, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA.
Daniel L J DupontDepartment of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland and Labrador, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada.
Robert N FisherWestern Ecological Research Center, U.S. Geological Survey, San Diego, California, USA.
Daniel FortinDepartment of Biology, Université Laval, Quebec City, Canada.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1267-1891
Thomas D GableDepartment of Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0917-8951
Emilio GarcíaBiodiversity Research Institute (CSIC - Oviedo University - Principality of Asturias), Oviedo University, Mieres, Spain.
Eli GeffenSchool of Zoology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
Stanley D GehrtSchool of Environment and Natural Resources, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA.
Michael GillinghamEcosystem Science and Management, University of Northern British Columbia, Prince George, British Columbia, Canada.
Douglas C HeardTithonus Wildlife Research, Prince George, British Columbia, Canada.
Mark HebblewhiteWildlife Biology Program, WA Franke College of Forestry and Conservation, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5382-1361
Joseph W HintonWolf Conservation Center, South Salem, New York, USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2602-0400
Austin T HomkesDepartment of Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA.
Chris G HowdenTricky Solutions, Epping, New South Wales, Australia.
Djuro HuberFaculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia.
Pat J JacksonNevada Department of Wildlife, Reno, Nevada, USA.
Kyle JolyYukon-Charley Rivers National Preserve, National Park Service, Fairbanks, Alaska, USA.
Allicia KellyDepartment of Environment and Natural Resources, Government of the Northwest Territories, Fort Smith, Northwest Territories, Canada.
Marcella J KellyDepartment of Fish and Wildlife Conservation, Virginia Polytechnic and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA.
Katrien A KingdonDepartment of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland and Labrador, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada.
Abhijeet KulkarniAshoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment, Bangalore, India.
Josip KusakFaculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5544-6486
Gerald W KuzykMinistry of Environment, Government of Saskatchewan, Meadow Lake, Saskatchewan, Canada.
Bryce C LakeYukon Flats National Wildlife Refuge, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Fairbanks, Alaska, USA.
Luis LlanezaA.RE.NA Asesores en Recursos Naturales S.L., Lugo, Spain.
José Vicente López-BaoBiodiversity Research Institute (CSIC - Oviedo University - Principality of Asturias), Oviedo University, Mieres, Spain.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9213-998X
Daniel R MacNultyDepartment of Wildland Resources and Ecology Center, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, USA.
Ashley A D McLarenWildlife Research and Monitoring Section, Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada.
Philip D McLoughlinDepartment of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.
Evelyn H MerrillDepartment of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
Kenneth J MillsWyoming Game and Fish Department, Pinedale, Wyoming, USA.
Numi MitchellThe Conservation Agency, Jamestown, Rhode Island, USA.
Seth A MooreGrand Portage Band of Lake Superior Chippewa, Grand Portage, Minnesota, USA.
Matthew A MummaIdaho Department of Fish and Game, Boise, Idaho, USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1954-6524
Maureen H MurrayDepartment of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2591-0794
Marco MusianiDipartimento di Scienze Biologiche, Geologiche e Ambientali (BiGeA), Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
Mónia NakamuraCIBIO/InBIO Research Center in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, University of Porto, Vairão, Portugal.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2493-2489
Eric W NeilsonCanadian Forest Service, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
Lalenia M NeufeldDepartment of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
Thomas M NewsomeSchool of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3457-3256
John K OakleafU.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA.
Vicente PalaciosAssociation for the Conservation of Nature in Human Environments, Paterna, Spain.
Marlo M PerdicasSummit Metro Parks, Akron, Ohio, USA.
Thomas PerryPrince Albert National Park, Parks Canada, Waskesiu Lake, Saskatchewan, Canada.
Tyler R PetroeljeWildlife Division, Michigan Department of Natural Resources, Marquette, Michigan, USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4957-6732
Cyrenea B PiperU.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA.
Christina M ProkopenkoDepartment of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland and Labrador, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5622-4973
Laura R PrughSchool of Environmental and Forest Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.
Seth P D RileySanta Monica Mountains National Recreation Area, National Park Service, Thousand Oaks, California, USA.
Helena Rio-MaiorCIBIO/InBIO Research Center in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, University of Porto, Vairão, Portugal.
Gretchen H RofflerDivision of Wildlife Conservation, Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Douglas, Alaska, USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8534-3664
Dale RollinsRolling Plains Quail Research Foundation, Roby, Texas, USA.
Håkan SandGrimsö Wildlife Research Station, Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
Fiona K A SchmiegelowDepartment of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
Dale R SeipBritish Columbia Ministry of Environment, Prince George, British Columbia, Canada.
Mathew S SorumYukon-Charley Rivers National Preserve, National Park Service, Fairbanks, Alaska, USA.
Colleen C St ClairDepartment of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
Robin SteenwegCanadian Wildlife Service, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada.
Michael W StrohbachTechnische Universität Braunschweig, Landscape Ecology and Environmental Systems Analysis, Institute of Geoecology, Braunschweig, Germany.
Jack TatlerSchool of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, North Terrace, South Australia, Australia.
Maria ThakerCentre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India.
Connor A ThompsonEnvironmental and Life Sciences Graduate Program, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6595-1072
Julie W TurnerDepartment of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland and Labrador, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5449-5449
Abi T VanakWellcome Trust/Department of Biotechnology (DBT) India Alliance Program, Kaushik Society, Hyderabad, India.
Eric Vander WalDepartment of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland and Labrador, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada.
Petter WabakkenFaculty of Applied Ecology, Agricultural Sciences and Biotechnology, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Koppang, Norway.
Scott E WalterKickapoo Valley Reserve, La Farge, Wisconsin, USA.
Sarah C WebsterUniversity of Georgia Savannah River Ecology Laboratory, Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, Aiken, South Carolina, USA.
Tyler J WheeldonWildlife Research and Monitoring Section, Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada.
Camilla WikenrosGrimsö Wildlife Research Station, Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2825-8834
Steve K WindelsVoyageurs National Park, US National Park Service, International Falls, Minnesota, USA.
Julie K YoungDepartment of Wildland Resources and Ecology Center, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4522-0157
Sana Zabihi-SeissanDepartment of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland and Labrador, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada.
Barbara ZimmermannFaculty of Applied Ecology, Agricultural Sciences and Biotechnology, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Koppang, Norway.
Brent R PattersonWildlife Research and Monitoring Section, Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada.
Funding
Abruzzo Lazio and Molise National Park AuthorityAlberta EcotrustAlberta Environment and ParksAL Department of Conservation and Natural ResourcesAssociação para a Conservação do Habitat do Lobo IbéricoBC Ministry of EnvironmentBC Oil and Gas CommissionBC Oil and Gas Research and Innovation SocietyBernd Thies FoundationBritish Broadcasting CorporationCalifornia Department of Transportation-District 8Canadian Wildlife FederationCentral Alaska Inventory and Monitoring ProgramConsorcio Parque Nacional Picos de EuropaCook County Animal Rabies Control Parks CanadaCroatian Agency for Nature and EnvironmentCroatian Environment FundDenali National Park and PreserveEmpreendimentos Eólicos do Vale do Minho S.A.EURONATUREuropean Union-NextGenerationEUForest Enhancement Society of British ColumbiaForest Investment AccountFundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia SFRH/BD/144087/2019GA Department of Natural ResourcesGovernment of NunavutGRUPIN IDI/2021/000075Gulo Film Productions Ltd.Habitat Conservation Trust FundISRO-IISc Space Technology Cell GrantIviq Hunters and Trappers AssociationJohn Downer Productions Ltd.John Prince Research ForestManitoba Fish and Wildlife FundManitoba HydroMax McGraw Wildlife FoundationMichigan Department of Natural ResourcesMinistère des Forêts, de la Faune et des Parcs du QuébecMinistry of Education, Science and Technological Development of Republic Serbia 451-03-68/2022-14/200178Ministry of Forests, Lands, Natural Resource Operations, and Rural DevelopmentMinnesota Environment and Natural Resources Trust FundNational Geographic SocietyNatural Resources and Northern Development ManitobaNatural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of CanadaNature and Parks Authority of IsraelNevada Department of Wildlife $3 Predator Fee ProgramNorthern Velebit National ParkNSERCNSF DEB-1652420NSF DEB-1748625NSF LTREB 1556248NSF LTREB 2038704Parks Canada AgencyPeace/Williston Fish and Wildlife Compensation ProgramPittman-Robertson Federal Aid in Wildlife Restoration Program 14.30Pittman-Robertson Federal Aid in Wildlife Restoration Program W-147-RPlimsoll Productions Ltd.Plitvice Lakes National ParkPolar Continental Shelf ProgramPortuguese Foundation for Science and TechnologyPrince Charitable TrustsRhode Island Department of Environmental Management F17AF01143Rhode Island FoundationRolling Plains Quail Research RanchSafari Club International FoundationSafari Club International Michigan Involvement CommitteeSC Department of Natural ResourcesSchool of Natural Resources at the University of Nebraska-LincolnSilverback Films Ltd.Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness CGL2017-87528-R AEI/FEDER EUSpanish Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness RYC-2015-18932State of Alaska General FundsUK Wolf Conservation TrustUnited States Geological SurveyUnited States National Park ServiceUniversity of Northern British ColumbiaUS DOE Office of Environmental Management DE-EM0005228US Fish and Wildlife Pittman Robertson FundsUSFWS PRUSFWS Red Wolf Recovery ProgramUtah Divistion of Wildlife ResourcesUtah State UniversityVelebit Nature ParkVoyaguers National ParkWellcome TrustWildlife Conservation SocietyXunta de GaliciaYukon-Charley Rivers National Preserve
Abstract
Animals within social groups respond to costs and benefits of sociality by adjusting the proportion of time they spend in close proximity to other individuals in the group (cohesion). Variation in cohesion between individuals, in turn, shapes important group-level processes such as subgroup formation and fission-fusion dynamics. Although critical to animal sociality, a comprehensive understanding of the factors influencing cohesion remains a gap in our knowledge of cooperative behavior in animals. We tracked 574 individuals from six species within the genus Canis in 15 countries on four continents with GPS telemetry to estimate the time that pairs of individuals within social groups spent in close proximity and test hypotheses regarding drivers of cohesion. Pairs of social canids (Canis spp.) varied widely in the proportion of time they spent together (5%-100%) during seasonal monitoring periods relative to both intrinsic characteristics and environmental conditions. The majority of our data came from three species of wolves (gray wolves, eastern wolves, and red wolves) and coyotes. For these species, cohesion within social groups was greatest between breeding pairs and varied seasonally as the nature of cooperative activities changed relative to annual life history patterns. Across species, wolves were more cohesive than coyotes. For wolves, pairs were less cohesive in larger groups, and when suitable, small prey was present reflecting the constraints of food resources and intragroup competition on social associations. Pair cohesion in wolves declined with increased anthropogenic modification of the landscape and greater climatic variability, underscoring challenges for conserving social top predators in a changing world. We show that pairwise cohesion in social groups varies strongly both within and across Canis species, as individuals respond to changing ecological context defined by resources, competition, and anthropogenic disturbance. Our work highlights that cohesion is a highly plastic component of animal sociality that holds significant promise for elucidating ecological and evolutionary mechanisms underlying cooperative behavior.
Indexed as
Social BehaviorAnimalsBehavior, AnimalCanidaeanimal socialityCaniscohesioncooperative behaviorcoyotesgroup sizehuman footprintwolves
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