ArticleInternational journal of hygiene and environmental health2025
Predictors of household drinking water E. coli contamination: Population-based results from rural areas of Ghana, Malawi, Mozambique, Niger, Rwanda, Uganda, and Zambia.
Article in International journal of hygiene and environmental health, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
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Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed.
- A more complete picture: capturing single nucleotide variant diversity in extended-spectrum beta-lactamase producingMicrobial genomics · 2026Article
- Unequal water quality under decentralization: A case study of rural barangays in Antique, Philippines.Journal of water and health · 2026Article
- Fecal Contamination in Point of Use (POU) Drinking Water and Its Associated Factors in Ethiopia: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis; "Implications for SDG 6 and WASH Interventions".Health science reports · 2025Review
- Microbial Water Quality at the Point of Use: The Role of Socio-Economic Factors and Water Handling Practices in Kitwe District, Zambia.Environmental health insights · 2025Review
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5 authors.
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Abstract
backgroundIn sub-Saharan Africa, rural areas have lower rates of access to safe drinking water compared to urban areas. We investigated predictors of Escherichia coli contamination in drinking water of rural households in Ghana, Malawi, Mozambique, Niger, Rwanda, Uganda, and Zambia.
methodsWe used a population-based, cluster randomized sampling design to select rural households in each country. Household interviews on water access, sanitation, and hygiene (WaSH) practices and demographic characteristics were conducted and water samples from every fifth household were collected and enumerated for E. coli. Negative binomial regression models with survey sampling weights were run to evaluate predictors of E. coli contamination.
resultsA total of 18,747 rural household surveys (2,378-2,804 per country) were conducted and a total of 3,848 water samples (460-660 per country) were collected. Of surveyed rural households, 61-78% of households had high (11-100 E. coli cfu/100 mL) or very high (>100 cfu/100 mL) risk water quality in Ghana, Niger, and Uganda. Statistically significant WaSH predictors associated with lower E. coli incidence rates included using an improved-type primary water source (Mozambique), storing water in a narrow-mouthed container or container with a spigot (Niger), having continuous water supply during the dry season (Ghana), paying for water service (Rwanda), having soap or ash at handwashing points (Mozambique), having an improved-type household sanitation facility (Malawi), and attaining an education level greater than primary school (Niger and Zambia).
conclusionThis study highlights the variability in WaSH access between rural areas of the study countries in association with microbial drinking water quality.
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