Evidence map›Paper›PMID 39660274›Full record

ArticleBiological psychiatry global open science2025

Decoding Depth of Meditation: Electroencephalography Insights From Expert Vipassana Practitioners.

Nicco Reggente, Christian Kothe, Tracy Brandmeyer, Grant Hanada, Ninette Simonian, Sean Mullen, Tim Mullen

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Biological psychiatry global open science, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
12citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

12 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.

  1. Pooled it
  2. Article
  3. Article
  4. Article
  5. Article
  6. Article
  7. Article
  8. Using Electroencephalography to Advance Mindfulness Science: A Survey of Emerging Methods and Approaches.Biological psychiatry. Cognitive neuroscience and neuroimaging · 2025
    Review
  9. Introduction to the Special Issue on Cognitive Neuroscience of Mindfulness.Biological psychiatry. Cognitive neuroscience and neuroimaging · 2025
    Article
  10. Decoding Mindfulness With Multivariate Predictive Models.Biological psychiatry. Cognitive neuroscience and neuroimaging · 2025
    Review
  11. Article
  12. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

7 authors.

Nicco ReggenteInstitute for Advanced Consciousness Studies, Santa Monica, California.
Christian KotheIntheon, San Diego, California.
Tracy BrandmeyerInstitute for Advanced Consciousness Studies, Santa Monica, California.
Grant HanadaIntheon, San Diego, California.
Ninette SimonianInstitute for Advanced Consciousness Studies, Santa Monica, California.
Sean MullenIntheon, San Diego, California.
Tim MullenIntheon, San Diego, California.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Background: Meditation practices have demonstrated numerous psychological and physiological benefits, but capturing the neural correlates of varying meditative depths remains challenging. In this study, we aimed to decode self-reported time-varying meditative depth in expert practitioners using electroencephalography (EEG). Methods: Expert Vipassana meditators ( Results: We achieved significant accuracy in decoding self-reported meditative depth across unseen sessions. The spontaneous emergence method yielded improved decoding performance compared with traditional probing and correlated more strongly with postsession outcome measures. Best performance was achieved by a novel machine learning method that fused spatial, spectral, and connectivity information. Conventional EEG channel-level methods and preselected default mode network regions fell short in capturing the complex neural dynamics associated with varying meditation depths. Conclusions: This study demonstrates the feasibility of decoding personally defined meditative depth using EEG. The findings highlight the complex, multivariate nature of neural activity during meditation and introduce spontaneous emergence as an ecologically valid and less obtrusive experiential sampling method. These results have implications for advancing neurofeedback techniques and enhancing our understanding of meditative practices.

Indexed as

DecodingEEGMachine learningMeditationMeditative depthVipassana

Identifiers

PMID39660274
PMCPMC11629179

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.