Evidence map›Paper›PMID 39658773›Full record

ArticleJournal of racial and ethnic health disparities2026

Prevalence of Diabetic Retinopathy Among Native Americans with Diabetes at a Tribal Clinic in Oklahoma.

Elizabeth Fairless, Jarret Garbrecht, Zachary Powell, Kai Ding, Ronald Kingsley, Bradley Farris

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Article in Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

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1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

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3 · Its place in the literature

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4 · The record

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5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

6 authors.

Elizabeth FairlessDean McGee Eye Institute, University of Oklahoma, 608 Stanton L Young Blvd, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA. Elizabeth.fairless.18@gmail.com.ORCID 0000-0002-1028-7610
Jarret GarbrechtCollege of Medicine, University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.
Zachary PowellCollege of Medicine, University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.
Kai DingDepartment of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.
Ronald KingsleyDean McGee Eye Institute, University of Oklahoma, 608 Stanton L Young Blvd, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA.
Bradley FarrisDean McGee Eye Institute, University of Oklahoma, 608 Stanton L Young Blvd, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

purposeNative Americans (NAs) have the highest prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM) of any racial group in the USA and are therefore at higher risk for diabetic retinopathy (DR) and diabetic macular edema (DME). This study estimated the prevalence of DR and DME among NAs receiving eye exams at the Citizen Potawatomi Nation (CPN) clinic, a tribal clinic in Oklahoma serving members of multiple tribes, and characterized risk markers associated with the presence and severity of DR.

methodsA retrospective chart review identified tribal members with DM who received dilated retinal fundus exams at the CPN clinic between 2021 and 2023. The presence and stage of DR and DME among participants were recorded. Hypotheses of association between the presence or severity of DR and medical and socioeconomic factors were tested.

resultsAmong the 504 participants, the prevalence of DR was 19.4% (95% CI 16.1-23.2%), including 16.3% (95% CI 13.2-19.8%) with non-proliferative DR and 3.2% (95% CI 1.8-5.1%) with proliferative DR, and 3.4% (95% CI 2.0-5.4%) with DME. Nephropathy, longer duration of DM, higher HbA1c, insulin use, and Medicaid insurance were associated with the presence of DR (p < 0.05).

conclusionsThis study found a lower prevalence of DR than did earlier studies of NAs with DM. The mean HbA1c in this cohort was lower than in earlier studies, suggesting that diabetes management has improved. Several medical or socioeconomic factors were associated with the presence and severity of DR.

Indexed as

Diabetes MellitusDiabetic RetinopathyIndians, North AmericanAdultAgedFemaleHumansMaleMiddle AgedOklahomaPrevalenceRetrospective StudiesRisk FactorsAmerican IndianDiabetesDiabetic retinopathyHealth disparitiesNative American

Identifiers

PMID39658773

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.