Evidence map›Paper›PMID 39658142›Full record

ArticleThe British journal of ophthalmology2025

Social determinants of health as risk factors for keratoconus in the All of Us database.

Caleb Tan, Allan I Puran, Ahmad Santina, Fei Yu, Ken Kitayama, Victoria L Tseng, Anne L Coleman

Abstract readMulticenter Study
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in The British journal of ophthalmology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

7 authors.

Caleb TanLoma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California, USA.
Allan I PuranDepartment of Ophthalmology, Stein and Doheny Eye Institutes, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Ahmad SantinaDepartment of Ophthalmology, Stein and Doheny Eye Institutes, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Fei YuDepartment of Ophthalmology, Stein and Doheny Eye Institutes, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Ken KitayamaDepartment of Ophthalmology, Stein and Doheny Eye Institutes, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Victoria L TsengDepartment of Ophthalmology, Stein and Doheny Eye Institutes, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Anne L ColemanDepartment of Ophthalmology, Stein and Doheny Eye Institutes, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA doctor_coleman@yahoo.com.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8569-722X

Funding

AOU NIH HHS WB999999
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

BACKGROUND/

aimsClinical risk factors for keratoconus (KCN) have previously been established. While the impact of the social determinants of health on the epidemiology and pathophysiology of KCN has been explored, further study of these associations is needed in large and diverse populations. This cross-sectional study determines how education level and income impact the prevalence of KCN in the USA using the National Institutes of Health 'All of Us' database.

methodsExposures included the highest level of education and annual household income. Multivariable logistic regression was used to examine the odds of KCN diagnosis at different levels of education and income, adjusting for sex assigned at birth, race, ethnicity, age, atopic conditions and eyecare access.

resultsThe overall prevalence of KCN was 0.17% (429/255 334). In multivariable logistic regression, individuals with more than a high school education had a greater risk of having KCN than those with less than a high school equivalent (

conclusionIn the study population, higher education level was associated with an increased likelihood of keratoconus, while no correlation was seen between income and KCN prevalence. After adjusting for access to eye care in a secondary analysis, there was an association between increased education level and increased prevalence of KCN. Further studies are needed to fully understand the mechanism of this finding such as increased levels of dry eye secondary to computer vision syndrome in highly educated people.

Indexed as

KeratoconusSocial Determinants of HealthAdolescentAdultAgedCross-Sectional StudiesDatabases, FactualEducational StatusFemaleHumansIncomeMaleMiddle AgedPrevalenceRisk FactorsUnited StatesCorneaEpidemiology

Identifiers

PMID39658142
PMCPMC12124952

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.