ArticleJournal of epidemiology and community health2025
Examining causal relationships between educational attainment and type 2 diabetes using genetic analysis: findings from the EPIC-InterAct study through Mendelian randomisation.
Article in Journal of epidemiology and community health, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Interrogating Theories and Mechanisms Underlying Educational Inequities in Diet Quality.The Journal of nutrition · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
28 authors.
Funding
Abstract
introductionObservational studies have shown that more educated people are at lower risk of developing type 2 diabetes (T2D). However, robust study designs are needed to investigate the likelihood that such a relationship is causal. This study used genetic instruments for education to estimate the effect of education on T2D using the Mendelian randomisation (MR) approach.
methodsAnalyses have been conducted in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)-InterAct study (more than 20 000 individuals), a case-cohort study of T2D nested in the EPIC cohort. Education was measured as Years of Education and Relative Index of Inequality. Prentice-weighted Cox models were performed to estimate the association between education and T2D. One-sample MR analyses investigated whether genetic predisposition towards longer education was associated with risk of T2D and investigated potential mediators of the association.
resultsMR estimates indicated a risk reduction of about 15% for each year of longer education on the risk of developing T2D, confirming the protective role estimated by observational models (HR 0.96, 95% CI 0.95 to 0.96). MR analyses on putative mediators showed a significant role of education on body mass index, alcohol consumption, adherence to the Mediterranean diet and smoking habits.
conclusionThe results supported the hypothesis that higher education is a protective factor for the risk of developing T2D. Based on its position in the causal chain, education may be antecedent of other known risk factors for T2D including unhealthy behaviours. These findings reinforce evidence obtained through observational study designs and bridge the gap between correlation and causation.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.