ArticleJournal of public health (Oxford, England)2025
Does household income predict health and educational outcomes in childhood better than neighbourhood deprivation?
Article in Journal of public health (Oxford, England), 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
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Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed.
- Six decades of trends in BMI, thinness, overweight, and obesity among 210,927 Swedish children in different socioeconomic contexts.BMC public health · 2026Article
- Impact of socioeconomic deprivation on risk and disease activity of Sjögren's disease.RMD open · 2026Article
- Poverty and intellectual development in childhood.International journal of population data science · 2025Article
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundPublic health research and prevention policies often use the small area Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD) at neighbourhood level to proxy individual socio-economic status because it is readily available. We investigated what household income adds to IMD in early childhood for predicting adverse health in adolescence.
methodsUsing data from the Millennium Cohort Study, we analysed IMD and self-reported equivalised household income (ages 0-5) to predict outcomes at age 17: poor academic achievement, psychological distress, poor health, smoking, and obesity. Predictions were compared using IMD quintile groups alone, household income quintile groups alone, and both together.
resultsHousehold income was a stronger and more consistent predictor of age 17 outcomes than IMD and revealed inequalities within neighbourhoods. Decreasing household income showed steep gradients in educational attainment and smoking across all IMD quintiles, and moderate gradients in obesity, psychological distress and poor health in most quintiles. IMD did not predict smoking or psychological distress within any income group, or educational attainment within the poorest income group.
conclusionsHousehold income is associated with inequality gradients within all quintiles of neighbourhood IMD. Early childhood public health strategies should consider household income in combination with neighbourhood deprivation.
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