Evidence map›Paper›PMID 39656838›Full record

ArticleClinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America2025

Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness Against Hospitalizations and Emergency Department or Urgent Care Encounters for Children, Adolescents, and Adults During the 2023-2024 Season, United States.

Mark W Tenforde, Emily L Reeves, Zachary A Weber, Sara Y Tartof, Nicola P Klein, Kristin Dascomb, Malini B DeSilva, Duck-Hye Yang, Shaun J Grannis, Stephanie A Irving and 35 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
20citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

20 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Trial
  2. Comparison of the immunogenicity of adjuvanted and conventional egg-based quadrivalent influenza vaccines among healthcare personnel in Lima, Peru: A randomized controlled trial.International journal of infectious diseases : IJID : official publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases · 2026
    Trial
  3. Article
  4. Article
  5. Article
  6. Article
  7. Review
  8. Article
  9. Article
  10. Article
  11. Article
  12. Vaccination status as a determinant of hospitalization in influenza: Insights from emergency department data.European journal of clinical microbiology & infectious diseases : official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology · 2026
    Observational
  13. Article
  14. Article
  15. Article
  16. Article
  17. Observational
  18. Article
  19. Article
  20. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

45 authors.

Mark W TenfordeNational Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-8702-8393
Emily L ReevesNational Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Zachary A WeberClinical Research Practice, Westat, Rockville, Maryland, USA.
Sara Y TartofDepartment of Research & Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena, California, USA.ORCID 0000-0003-2336-8476
Nicola P KleinKaiser Permanente Vaccine Study Center, Kaiser Permanente Northern California Division of Research, Oakland, California, USA.
Kristin DascombDivision of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Epidemiology, Intermountain Health, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-7422-060X
Malini B DeSilvaDepartment of Research, HealthPartners Institute, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.ORCID 0000-0003-3705-1672
Duck-Hye YangClinical Research Practice, Westat, Rockville, Maryland, USA.ORCID 0009-0006-3493-1550
Shaun J GrannisCenter for Biomedical Informatics, Regenstrief Institute, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-8093-6639
Stephanie A IrvingScience Programs Department, Kaiser Permanente Center for Health Research, Portland, Oregon, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-7437-6797
Toan C OngDepartment of Biomedical Informatics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-6787-1407
Ruth Link-GellesNational Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-9617-806X
S Bianca SalasDepartment of Research & Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena, California, USA.
Lina S SyDepartment of Research & Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena, California, USA.ORCID 0000-0003-2762-9266
Bruno LewinDepartment of Research & Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena, California, USA.ORCID 0000-0003-1483-2791
Richard ContrerasDepartment of Research & Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena, California, USA.
Ousseny ZerboKaiser Permanente Vaccine Study Center, Kaiser Permanente Northern California Division of Research, Oakland, California, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-8380-6215
Bruce FiremanKaiser Permanente Vaccine Study Center, Kaiser Permanente Northern California Division of Research, Oakland, California, USA.
John HansenKaiser Permanente Vaccine Study Center, Kaiser Permanente Northern California Division of Research, Oakland, California, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-7891-2673
Julius TimbolKaiser Permanente Vaccine Study Center, Kaiser Permanente Northern California Division of Research, Oakland, California, USA.
Tamara SheffieldDivision of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Epidemiology, Intermountain Health, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.
Daniel BrideDivision of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Epidemiology, Intermountain Health, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-7950-1267
Julie ArndorferDivision of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Epidemiology, Intermountain Health, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.
Josh VanOtterlooDivision of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Epidemiology, Intermountain Health, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.
Charlene E McEvoyDepartment of Research, HealthPartners Institute, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.
Omobosola O AkinseteDepartment of Research, HealthPartners Institute, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.
Inih J EssienDepartment of Research, HealthPartners Institute, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.ORCID 0000-0003-0775-8255
Brian E DixonCenter for Biomedical Informatics, Regenstrief Institute, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-1121-0607
Colin RogersonCenter for Biomedical Informatics, Regenstrief Institute, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-5251-2399
William F FadelCenter for Biomedical Informatics, Regenstrief Institute, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.
Thomas DuszynskiFairbanks School of Public Health, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.
Allison L NalewayScience Programs Department, Kaiser Permanente Center for Health Research, Portland, Oregon, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-5747-4643
Michelle A BarronDepartment of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-8217-7410
Suchitra RaoDepartment of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-0334-6301
David MayerDepartment of Biomedical Informatics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA.
Catia ChavezDepartment of Biomedical Informatics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA.
Sarah W BallClinical Research Practice, Westat, Rockville, Maryland, USA.
Amanda B PayneNational Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.ORCID 0000-0003-1027-7639
Caitlin RayNational Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-6740-936X
Monica DickersonNational Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Varsha NeelamNational Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-9900-3567
Katherine AdamsNational Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-1818-1730
Brendan FlanneryNational Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Jennifer DeCuirNational Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-5071-3875
Shikha GargNational Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-9345-6669

Funding

COVID-19 Vaccine Effectiveness in Pregnant Women and their InfantsR01AI168373 · NIAID · KAISER FOUNDATION RESEARCH INSTITUTE · PI Ousseny Zerbo · 2022 to 2026
$2.7M
CDC HHS 75D30121D12779Intramural CDC HHS CC999999Kaiser Foundation HospitalsNIAID NIH HHS R01 AI168373Westat and contracts 75D301123C018039Westat and contracts 75D30123C17595
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundThe 2023-2024 influenza season had predominant influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus activity, but A(H3N2) and B viruses cocirculated. Seasonal influenza vaccine strains were well-matched to these viruses.

methodsUsing healthcare encounters data from health systems in 8 US states, we evaluated influenza vaccine effectiveness (VE) against influenza-associated medical encounters from October 2023 to April 2024. Using a test-negative design, we compared the odds of vaccination between patients with an acute respiratory illness who tested positive (cases) versus negative (controls) for influenza by molecular assay, adjusting for confounders. VE was stratified by age group, influenza type (overall, influenza A, influenza B), and care setting (hospitalization, emergency department or urgent care [ED/UC] encounter).

resultsOverall, 74 000 encounters in children and adolescents aged 6 months-17 years (3479 hospitalizations, 70 521 ED/UC encounters) and 267 606 in adults aged ≥18 years (66 828 hospitalizations, 200 778 ED/UC encounters) were included. Across care settings, among children and adolescents, 15% (2758/17 833) of cases versus 32% (18 240/56 167) of controls had received vaccination. Among adults, 25% (11 632/46 614) of cases versus 44% (97 811/220 992) of controls across care settings had received vaccination. VE was 58% (95% confidence interval [95% CI], 44-69) against hospitalization and 58% (95% CI, 56-60) against ED/UC encounters for children and adolescents, and 39% (95% CI, 35-43) against hospitalization and 47% (95% CI, 46-49) against ED/UC encounters for adults. Across age groups, VE was higher against influenza B than influenza A.

conclusionsInfluenza vaccines provided protection against influenza-associated illness across health care settings and age groups during the 2023-2024 influenza season.

Indexed as

Ambulatory CareEmergency Service, HospitalHospitalizationInfluenza, HumanInfluenza VaccinesVaccine EfficacyAdolescentAdultAgedChildChild, PreschoolFemaleHumansInfantInfluenza A Virus, H1N1 SubtypeInfluenza A Virus, H3N2 SubtypeInfluenza Vaccinesinfluenzatest-negative designvaccinationvaccine effectiveness

Identifiers

PMID39656838
PMCPMC12287760

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceTDM
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.