Evidence map›Paper›PMID 39645471›Full record

ArticleInternational dental journal2025

Deep Learning Architecture to Infer Kennedy Classification of Partially Edentulous Arches Using Object Detection Techniques and Piecewise Annotations.

Zohaib Khurshid, Maria Waqas, Shehzad Hasan, Shakeel Kazmi, Muhammad Faheemuddin

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in International dental journal, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
14citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

14 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.

  1. Pooled it
  2. Article
  3. Article
  4. Article
  5. Preliminary Evaluation of Large Language Models in Kennedy Classification and Removable Partial Denture Planning: An In Silico Study.Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research · 2026
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  7. Review
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  9. Determination of Kennedy's classification in panoramic X-rays by automated tooth labeling.International journal of computer assisted radiology and surgery · 2025
    Article
  10. Article
  11. Review
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

5 authors.

Zohaib KhurshidDepartment of Prosthodontics and Dental Implantology, College of Dentistry, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, KSA; Center of Excellence for Regenerative Dentistry, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand. Electronic address: zsultan@kfu.edu.sa.
Maria WaqasDepartment of Computer and Information Systems Engineering, NED University of Engineering and Technology, Karachi, Pakistan. Electronic address: mariaw@cloud.neduet.edu.pk.
Shehzad HasanDepartment of Computer and Information Systems Engineering, NED University of Engineering and Technology, Karachi, Pakistan. Electronic address: shasan@cloud.neduet.edu.pk.
Shakeel KazmiDepartment of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Medical University Islamabad, Pakistan. Electronic address: Drshakeel@szabmu.edu.pk.
Muhammad FaheemuddinDepartment of Prosthodontics and Dental Implantology, College of Dentistry, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, KSA. Electronic address: mnaseem@kfu.edu.sa.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

objectivesDental health is integral to overall well-being, with early detection of issues critical for prevention. This research work focuses on utilizing artificial intelligence and deep learning-based object detection techniques for automated detection of common dental issues in orthopantomography x-ray images, including broken roots, periodontally compromised teeth, and the Kennedy classification of partially edentulous arches.

methodsAn orthopantomography dataset has been used to train several models employing various object detection architectures, hyperparameters, and training techniques. The performance of these models was evaluated to select the one with the highest accuracy. This selected model was subsequently deployed for further testing and validation on unseen data to assess its real-world performance and potential for clinical application.

resultsThe proposed model not only facilitates the classification of the Kennedy classification but also offers detailed information about the arch (maxillary or mandibular) and specifies the affected side of the arch (right or left). It can diagnose multiple dental issues simultaneously within an image, enhancing diagnostic capabilities for dental practitioners.

conclusionsDespite a small dataset, satisfactory results were achieved through tailored hyperparameters and a piecewise annotation scheme.

Indexed as

Deep LearningJaw, Edentulous, PartiallyRadiography, PanoramicHumansbroken rootdeep learningKennedy classificationobject detection and localizationperiodontally compromised toothYou Only Look Once (YOLO)

Identifiers

PMID39645471
PMCPMC11806322

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.