ArticleBreast cancer research : BCR2024
Characterization of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and their spatial distribution in triple-negative breast cancer.
Article in Breast cancer research : BCR, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers.
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Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed.
- Article
- Article
- Triple-Negative Breast Cancer: Molecular Subtypes; Immune Escape; Limitations of Current Immunotherapy; and the BTLA/HVEM/CD160 Axis as an Emerging Target.Current issues in molecular biology · 2026Review
- Decoding the breast cancer microenvironment by spatial multi-omics: from architecture to clinical translation.Clinical & translational oncology : official publication of the Federation of Spanish Oncology Societies and of the National Cancer Institute of Mexico · 2026Review
- Review
- Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in triple-negative breast cancer: molecular mechanisms, spatial regulation, and therapeutic implications.Breast cancer research : BCR · 2026Review
- The "Cold Tumor" to "Hot Tumor" transformation strategy for triple-negative breast cancer: from mechanism to clinical translation.Molecular and cellular biochemistry · 2026Review
- TILseg: Automated Whole Slide-Level Spatial Scoring of Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes Reveals Prognostic Patterns in Triple Negative Breast Cancer.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
- An integrated automated deep learning framework for annotating tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in lung adenocarcinoma pathology.Frontiers in bioinformatics · 2026Article
- Integrating bulk, single-cell, and spatial transcriptomics to identify a novel pyroptosis-related gene signature for predicting prognosis and tumor immune landscape in triple-negative breast cancer.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Immune Checkpoint Blockade and Emerging Combination Platforms in Breast Cancer: A Narrative Review.Breast cancer (Dove Medical Press) · 2026Review
- The Age of Molecular Biomarkers: Cancer in the Era of Personalized Medicine. What Do Pathologists in Developing Countries Need to Know and Understand?International journal of general medicine · 2026Review
- Tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte therapy in triple-negative breast cancer: from mechanistic exploration to clinical translation.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Assessment of Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer: Interobserver Variability and Contributing Factors.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Cell-Based Therapies for Solid Tumors: Challenges and Advances.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- The treatment of breast cancer in the era of precision medicine.Cancer biology & medicine · 2025Review
- Identification of immune infiltration-related ZNF480 for predicting prognosis in breast cancer.American journal of clinical and experimental immunology · 2025Article
- Identification and experimental validation of prognostic genes related to cytochrome c in breast cancer.Frontiers in genetics · 2025Article
- Cancer vaccine trial evaluations: immunobridging and potential immunological endpoints.Immunotherapy advances · 2025Review
- Cystic-Like HER2-Positive Breast Cancer with Low Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes and High Programmed Death-Ligand 1 Expression in a Young Woman: A Case Report.Case reports in oncologyArticle
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
10 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundThe tumor immune microenvironment, particularly tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), plays a critical role in disease progression and treatment response in triple-negative breast cancers (TNBCs). This study was aimed to characterize the composition of TILs and investigate their clinicopathological and prognostic significance with a special focus on the spatial distribution of TILs in TNBCs.
methodsWe analyzed TNBC samples through PanCancer Immune Profiling using NanoString nCounter assays to identify immune-related genes that are expressed differentially in relation to TIL levels and evaluated protein expression of selected markers through immunohistochemical staining on tissue microarrays. For a comprehensive assessment of the expression of cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) and natural killer (NK) cell markers, a CTL-NK score was devised based on CD8
resultsGene expression analysis revealed significant upregulation of CTL and NK cell-associated genes including GNLY, KLRC2, and GZMB in TIL-high TNBCs. Immunohistochemical validation confirmed that TNBCs with higher TILs had a greater amount of CD56
conclusionOur study showed that CTL and NK cell-associated gene expression and protein levels differ significantly according to TIL levels and that CTL-NK score and distribution of TILs within tumors have a prognostic value. These findings emphasize the importance of CTLs and NK cells as well as the spatial uniformity of TIL infiltration in clinical outcome of TNBC patients, providing valuable insights for refining prognostic assessments and guiding immunotherapeutic strategies.
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