Evidence map›Paper›PMID 39643739›Full record

ArticleJournal of orofacial orthopedics = Fortschritte der Kieferorthopadie : Organ/official journal Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Kieferorthopadie2026

Precision in dentistry: how PLA 3D printing settings influence model accuracy.

Louis Hartmann, Verena Passin, Sophie Dürndorfer

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Article in Journal of orofacial orthopedics = Fortschritte der Kieferorthopadie : Organ/official journal Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Kieferorthopadie, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

3 authors.

Louis HartmannPrivate Practice, Dresden, Germany. hartmann-louis@web.de.ORCID http://orcid.org/0009-0005-5924-4047
Verena PassinPrivate Practice, Dresden, Germany.ORCID http://orcid.org/0009-0006-4992-9576
Sophie DürndorferPrivate Practice, Dresden, Germany.ORCID http://orcid.org/0009-0002-9993-1966

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

purposeAdvancements in computer-aided design and manufacturing (CAD/CAM), such as intraoral scanners, digital treatment planning, and 3D printers, offer digital alternatives to conventional orthodontics. For transforming digital data into a traditional model, precise 3D printing technologies are necessary. With numerous settings available on each 3D printer, selecting the most precise one is challenging. Therefore, the impact of layer height, printing temperature, print speed, and infill density on the accuracy of dental models was analyzed in this study.

methodsA 3D file of a right upper central incisor was designed and printed 275 times in total with different settings for temperature, layer height, print speed, and infill density by using polylactic acid (PLA) filament on an industrial 3D printer. After scanning the models, root mean square error was calculated for analysis of precision. For each group, R

resultsPrinting temperature as well as layer height had statistically significant impacts on printing 3D tooth models (p < 0.05). R

conclusionThis study confirms that choosing the correct printing temperature and layer height for printing dental models with PLA is important for obtaining good accuracy, whereas print speed and infill density have less of an impact.

Indexed as

Models, DentalPolyestersPrinting, Three-DimensionalComputer-Aided DesignHumansReproducibility of ResultsPolyesterspoly(lactide)Dental study model accuracyLayer heightPolylactic acid filamentPrinting temperatureThree-dimensional printing settings

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.