Evidence map›Paper›PMID 39637838›Full record

SynthesisMedical principles and practice : international journal of the Kuwait University, Health Science Centre2025

Racial Discrimination and Multiple Health Outcomes: An Umbrella Review of Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses.

Jun Hyuk Lee, Hyeri Lee, Yejun Son, Hyeon Jin Kim, Jaeyu Park, Hayeon Lee, Guillaume Fond, Laurent Boyer, Lee Smith, Masoud Rahmati and 4 more

Abstract readSystematic Review
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Synthesis in Medical principles and practice : international journal of the Kuwait University, Health Science Centre, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
4citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

4 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.

  1. Pooled it
  2. Article
  3. Article
  4. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

14 authors.

Jun Hyuk LeeHealth and Human Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Hyeri LeeCenter for Digital Health, Medical Science Research Institute, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
Yejun SonCenter for Digital Health, Medical Science Research Institute, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
Hyeon Jin KimCenter for Digital Health, Medical Science Research Institute, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
Jaeyu ParkCenter for Digital Health, Medical Science Research Institute, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
Hayeon LeeCenter for Digital Health, Medical Science Research Institute, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
Guillaume FondAssistance Publique-Hopitaux de Marseille, Research Centre on Health Services and Quality of Life, Aix Marseille University, Marseille, France.
Laurent BoyerAssistance Publique-Hopitaux de Marseille, Research Centre on Health Services and Quality of Life, Aix Marseille University, Marseille, France.
Lee SmithCentre for Health, Performance and Wellbeing, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK.
Masoud RahmatiAssistance Publique-Hopitaux de Marseille, Research Centre on Health Services and Quality of Life, Aix Marseille University, Marseille, France.
Damiano PizzolHealth Unit, Eni, San Donato Milanese, Italy.
Jiseung KangDepartment of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Dong Keon YonCenter for Digital Health, Medical Science Research Institute, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
Hans OhSuzanne Dworak Peck School of Social Work, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

objectiveWe aimed to systematically investigate the associations between racial discrimination and various health outcomes and to evaluate the certainty of evidence from existing meta-analyses of observational studies.

methodWe systemically searched the associations between racial discrimination and health outcomes for PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, WoS, and Google Scholar up until January 31, 2024. Notably, the included studies were predominantly conducted in the USA and Europe, limiting the generalizability of our findings to a global context.

resultsEight meta-analyses of observational studies involving over 1 million individuals were included, describing 15 potential health outcomes related to racial discrimination. The quality assessment revealed that most included meta-analyses were of low quality. For oncological health outcomes, significant associations were found with the mortality of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC); black patients had a higher risk, while Asian patients had a lower risk when compared to white patients. In addition, black patients with disparities on the cancer care continuum are a protective factor for early-stage HCC diagnosis. For gastroenterological health outcomes, Hispanic patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and black patients with socioeconomic status/differential access to health care, compared to white patients (reference), showed significant associations. For mental health outcomes, racial discriminations were significantly associated with increased odds of psychotic experiences, suicidal ideation, and suicidal attempts. Numerous significant associations were from weak to suggestive evidence levels, indicating variability in the evidence.

conclusionDespite the complexity of measuring its impact, racial discrimination shows a profound influence across clinical areas, including an unexpected protective association in early-stage HCC diagnosis among black patients.

objectiveWe aimed to systematically investigate the associations between racial discrimination and various health outcomes and to evaluate the certainty of evidence from existing meta-analyses of observational studies.

methodWe systemically searched the associations between racial discrimination and health outcomes for PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, WoS, and Google Scholar up until January 31, 2024. Notably, the included studies were predominantly conducted in the USA and Europe, limiting the generalizability of our findings to a global context.

resultsEight meta-analyses of observational studies involving over 1 million individuals were included, describing 15 potential health outcomes related to racial discrimination. The quality assessment revealed that most included meta-analyses were of low quality. For oncological health outcomes, significant associations were found with the mortality of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC); black patients had a higher risk, while Asian patients had a lower risk when compared to white patients. In addition, black patients with disparities on the cancer care continuum are a protective factor for early-stage HCC diagnosis. For gastroenterological health outcomes, Hispanic patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and black patients with socioeconomic status/differential access to health care, compared to white patients (reference), showed significant associations. For mental health outcomes, racial discriminations were significantly associated with increased odds of psychotic experiences, suicidal ideation, and suicidal attempts. Numerous significant associations were from weak to suggestive evidence levels, indicating variability in the evidence.

conclusionDespite the complexity of measuring its impact, racial discrimination shows a profound influence across clinical areas, including an unexpected protective association in early-stage HCC diagnosis among black patients.

Indexed as

Health Status DisparitiesRacismCarcinoma, HepatocellularHealthcare DisparitiesHumansLiver NeoplasmsMeta-Analysis as TopicSystematic Reviews as TopicHealth outcomesRacial discriminationUmbrella review

Identifiers

PMID39637838
PMCPMC11936452

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY-NC
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.