ArticleOphthalmology science
The Optical Nature of Myopic Changes in Retinal Vessel Caliber.
Article in Ophthalmology science. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers.
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Who cites it
8 citing papers in PubMed.
- Retinal Vascular Caliber and Its Ocular and Systemic Correlates in Children Living at High Altitude.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Ocular Blood Flow in Eyes with Myopia and Glaucoma: From Pathophysiology to Clinical Implications.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Review
- Ethnicity-Stratified Normative Retinal Vascular Features from the UK Biobank Using Deep Learning.Ophthalmology science · 2026Article
- The Effects of Myopia on Optic Disc Morphology and Retinal Vascular Geometry: A Study of Anisometropic Eyes.Translational vision science & technology · 2026Article
- Fundus Stretch Index: A Centile-Based Retinal Measure of Myopia.Ophthalmology science · 2026Article
- Epidemiology of pathologic myopia in UK adults with high myopia.The British journal of ophthalmology · 2026Article
- Fundus Refraction Offset as a Personalized Biomarker for 12-Year Risk of Retinal Detachment.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2025Article
- Intra- and Inter-Observer Agreement of a Portable A-Scan Ultrasound Biometer in Sitting and Supine Positions and Validity Against an Optical Biometer.Clinical optometry · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Purpose: Dimensional measures of retinal features are subject to the optical influence of ocular magnification. We examined the impact of ocular magnification on the association between axial length (AL) and measurements of retinal vessel caliber in fundus photographs. Design: Cross-sectional study. Participants: Eighty-two normal right eyes from healthy participants aged 16 to 31 years. Methods: Central retinal arteriolar and venular equivalents (CRAE and CRVE) were derived from color fundus photographs using semiautomated software. Ordinary least squares linear regression was used to assess the influence of AL (independent variable) on CRAE and CRVE, controlling for age, sex, and ethnicity, both before and after magnification correction using different formulae. These formulae estimate magnification based on different ocular parameters: AL only (Bennnett's formula), refractive error only (Bengtsson's formula), and refractive error combined with keratometry (Littmann's formula). Previous research has primarily relied on Bengtsson's formula, which is less accurate than Bennett's formula. We also examined the impact of treating the nontelecentric fundus camera used in this study as telecentric when applying these magnification correction formulae. Main Outcome Measures: Central retinal arteriolar and venular equivalents (in pixels). Results: Before magnification correction, increasing AL was associated with decreasing CRAE (β: -0.49, 95% confidence intervals: -0.89 to -0.09, Conclusions: Failing to correct for ocular magnification results in apparent narrowing of vessels in longer eyes, while inappropriate assumptions about telecentricity during magnification correction introduce an optical artifact that causes apparent widening of vessels. These findings suggest that myopic changes in retinal vessel caliber are optical (not biological) in nature. Proper correction of this effect to accurately derive dimensional measures is a crucial-yet often overlooked-methodological consideration in "oculomics" research investigating retinal biomarkers of systemic conditions. Financial Disclosures: Proprietary or commercial disclosure may be found in the Footnotes and Disclosures at the end of this article.
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