Virtual Reality Versus Simulation in the Management of Trauma Based Scenarios-A Systematic Review.

Introduction: Simulation allows trainees to practice skills safely. It is the current gold standard method of teaching. More recently, novel methods such as virtual reality and augmented reality are being explored as possible alternative methods. Aims: To evaluate the current evidence pertaining to simulation and virtual reality as methods of teaching in teaching trauma management. Methods: Medline and Embase (via Ovid interface) were used to search for articles up to April 2023. A combination of the following MeSH terms were employed in the primary search string - "virtual reality," "simulation," "surgery," "trauma," and "medical education." Results: 3815 studies were initially identified. After de-duplication, 2648 articles were screened using Covidence. Forty articles underwent full text review. Thirteen studies were included in the final review with a pooled total of 489 participants. Significant heterogeneity exists in the range of participants, scenarios and parameters assessed. The overall self-reported perception of VR as a teaching modality is positive and is well accepted however objective assessment and validation is needed. Conclusion: VR can be useful for training and evaluation of trauma-based scenarios. It is a useful adjunct but is unlikely to replace simulation at present. More robust and replicable studies with larger sample sizes are needed to evaluate the long-term integration of virtual reality and augmented reality into the medical and surgical teaching curriculum.