ArticleParticle and fibre toxicology2024
Understanding the toxicological effects of TiO
Article in Particle and fibre toxicology, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Green synthesis of TiO₂ nanoparticles using cyanobacterial phycobiliproteins for antibacterial and antioxidant toothpaste applications.BMC microbiology · 2026Article
- Exploring the dermal safety of green-synthesized Ag-TiORSC advances · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundInorganic ultraviolet filters such as titanium dioxide nanoparticles are frequently used in sunscreens. Numerous toxicological studies in vitro and in vivo have been conducted using pristine standard reference nanomaterials of these inorganic filters. While convenient, this approach is not realistic because the complex environment of sunscreen formulations could change the physicochemical properties of the nanoparticles and lead to vastly different toxicological outcomes. Therefore, this study focused on characterizing nanoparticles extracted from commercial sunscreen and evaluating the associated toxicological impacts upon exposure to human keratinocytes and human skin explants.
resultsTitanium dioxide nanoparticles were extracted from commercial sunscreens and thoroughly characterized. The identity of the associated molecular corona on the extracted nanoparticles was also evaluated. Cell metabolic and proliferation profiles, mitochondrial superoxide activity, reactive oxygen species levels, and genotoxicity induced through exposure to the nanoparticles were studied in vitro using a human keratinocyte cell line. The cell response was significantly different after treatment with pristine nanoparticles compared to corresponding sunscreen-extracted nanoparticles. Pristine spherical nanoparticles resulted in more pronounced toxicity in 2D cultured keratinocytes compared to extracted nanoparticles but did not impact wound-edge migration significantly in 3D ex vivo human skin explant models. Additionally, extracted rod-shaped nanoparticles had greater toxic impacts in keratinocytes in vitro and retarded wound-edge migration in the ex vivo model compared to the extracted spherical nanoparticles. Nevertheless, these heightened cell responses were not associated with any increase in phosphorylated γH
conclusionsThis study shows the feasibility of extracting nanoparticles from personal care products such as sunscreens to obtain relevant forms to model real-life exposure scenarios. Overall, sunscreen-extracted nanoparticles were found to be less toxic compared to pristine equivalents but retarded wound-edge migration more significantly. Skin explant cultures provide a more realistic alternative to monolayer cell cultures, although the differential outcomes between the models need more in-depth evaluation.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.