ArticleBMC musculoskeletal disorders2024
Arm elevation involves changes in the whole spine: an exploratory study using EOS imaging.
Article in BMC musculoskeletal disorders, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
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3 citing papers in PubMed.
- Clavicle fractures and high-grade acromioclavicular joint injuries do not affect posture and thoracic kyphosis in young adults: A prospective comparative study.Journal of experimental orthopaedics · 2026Article
- Defining sagittal imbalance in axial spondyloarthritis: considerations beyond C7 sagittal vertical axis.Advances in rheumatology (London, England) · 2026Article
- Effects of forward shoulder elevation on spinal excursion at three different speeds.Scientific reports · 2025Article
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9 authors.
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Abstract
backgroundFew studies have assessed the participation of the spine in arm elevation. The primary aim of this exploratory study was to specify spinal movements during unilateral arm elevation.
methodsWe used an EOS imaging system to assess 2D global posture (Sagittal Vertical Axis [SVA], T1 and T9 tilt and Central Sacral Line [CSL]) and segmental spine curves (C3-C7 in the sagittal plane only, and T1-T6, T7-T12 and L1-L5 in the sagittal and frontal planes) for four different left arm elevation levels: in the sagittal (Sa) plane (30°Sa: reference position, 140°Sa and 180°Sa), and in the scapular (Sc) plane (180°Sc), in ten right-handed asymptomatic participants (5 women; mean age 24.6 SD 3.0 years]. In addition, we estimated C1, head and pelvic orientation and head and pelvic linear displacement. We used Bayesian statistics (BF
resultsFrom 140°Sa to 180°Sa or Sc, the significant decrease in SVA and the T1-T9 tilt angles indicated a global backward spine bending (moderate to very strong evidence). The significant reversal of the C3-C7 lordosis at 30°Sa (-1.34 [2.53]°) to kyphosis at 180°Sa (13.88 [3.53]°, strong evidence) and 180°Sc (11.85 [2.75]°, extreme evidence) and the significant decrease in the T7-T12 kyphosis (26.58 [2.84]°at 30°Sa to 16.40 [2.65]° at 180°Sa and 17.60 [2.78]° at 180°Sc [all extreme evidence]) showed a global spine straightening. We found significant pelvic anteversion between 30°Sa and 140°Sa (moderate evidence) and persistent right spine bending and leftward head displacement (extreme evidence). The change in C1 orientation (extreme evidence) showed an atlanto-occipital extension.
conclusionSimple unconstrained movements of unilateral arm elevation involve the whole spine, pelvis and head, including significant backward spinal bending, a reduction in the low cervical spine lordosis and the thoracic kyphosis, and atlanto-occipital extension.
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