ArticleJournal of innate immunity2025
Pore-Forming Toxin-Like Proteins in the Anti-Parasitoid Immune Response of Drosophila.
Article in Journal of innate immunity, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
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Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed.
- Horizontal gene transfer rivals gene duplication as a source of anti-parasitoid immune innovation in the Drosophilidae.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Multifaceted Defenses Against Parasitoid Wasps in Diptera.Annual review of genetics · 2025Review
- Encapsulation and Melanization Are Not Correlated to Successful Immune Defense Against Parasitoid Wasps inCells · 2025Article
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Authors and funding
9 authors.
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Abstract
introductionSpecies of the ananassae subgroup of Drosophilidae are highly resistant to parasitoid wasp infections. We have previously shown that the genes encoding cytolethal distending toxin B (CdtB) and the apoptosis inducing protein of 56 kDa (AIP56) were horizontally transferred to these fly species from prokaryotes and are now instrumental in the anti-parasitoid immune defense of Drosophila ananassae. Here we describe a new family of genes, which encode proteins with hemolysin E domains, heretofore only identified in prokaryotes. Hemolysin E proteins are pore-forming toxins, important virulence factors of bacteria.
methodsBioinformatical, transcriptional, and protein expressional studies were used.
resultsThe hemolysin E-like genes have a scattered distribution among the genomes of species belonging to several different monophyletic lineages in the family Drosophilidae. We detected structural homology with the bacterial Hemolysin E toxins and showed that the origin of the D. ananassae hemolysin E-like genes (hl1-38) is consistent with prokaryotic horizontal gene transfer. These genes encode humoral factors, secreted into the hemolymph by the fat body and hemocytes. Their expression is induced solely by parasitoid infection and the proteins bind to the developing parasitoids.
conclusionsHemolysin E-like proteins acquired by horizontal gene transfer and expressed by the primary immune organs may contribute to the elimination of parasitoids, as novel humoral factors in Drosophila innate immunity.
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