ArticlePsychological medicine2023
Contributions of modifiable risk factors to increased dementia risk in depression.
Article in Psychological medicine, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers.
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Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed.
- A brief checklist of modifiable dementia risk factors (RF12): associations with cognitive and affective measures in an Italian cohort.Frontiers in aging neuroscience · 2026Article
- A brief telehealth brain health program for family caregivers of persons living with dementia: the Brain Health for MeFrontiers in psychology · 2026Article
- The influence of depression onset timing after gastrointestinal diseases on dementia risk.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2025Article
- The LIBRA index of modifiable risk factors for mild cognitive impairment and dementia in a late-life population-based cohort study.AJE advances : research in epidemiology · 2025Article
- Associations between depression and anxiety in midlife and dementia more than 30 years later: The HUNT Study.Alzheimer's & dementia (Amsterdam, Netherlands)Article
- Applications and implicit assumptions in dementia risk scores: A scoping review of the LIBRA score.Journal of Alzheimer's disease reportsReview
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
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Abstract
backgroundIndividuals with depression have an increased dementia risk, which might be due to modifiable risk factors for dementia. This study investigated the extent to which the increased risk for dementia in depression is explained by modifiable dementia risk factors.
methodsWe used data from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (2008-2009 to 2018-2019), a prospective cohort study. A total of 7460 individuals were included [mean(standard deviation) age, 65.7 ± 9.4 years; 3915(54.7%) were women]. Depressive symptoms were assessed with the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale-8 (score ≥3) or self-reported doctor's diagnosis. Ten modifiable risk factors for dementia were combined in the 'LIfestyle for BRAin health' (LIBRA) score. Dementia was determined by physician diagnosis, self-reported Alzheimer's disease or the shortened version of the Informant Questionnaire on Cognitive Decline in the Elderly (average score ≥3.38). Structural equation modelling was used to test mediation of LIBRA score.
resultsDuring 61 311 person-years, 306 individuals (4.1%) developed dementia. Participants aged 50-70 years with depressive symptoms had higher LIBRA scores [difference(s.e.) = 1.15(0.10)] and a 3.59 times increased dementia risk [HR(95% CI) = 3.59(2.20-5.84)], adjusted for age, sex, education, wealth and clustering at the household level. In total, 10.4% of the dementia risk was mediated by differences in LIBRA score [indirect effect: HR = 1.14(1.03-1.26)], while 89.6% was attributed to a direct effect of depressive symptoms on dementia risk [direct effect: HR = 3.14(2.20-5.84)].
conclusionsModifiable dementia risk factors can be important targets for the prevention of dementia in individuals with depressive symptoms during midlife. Yet, effect sizes are small and other aetiological pathways likely exist.
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