Evidence map›Paper›PMID 39624422›Full record

ArticleBioactive materials2025

Immunoregulative coating for scarless healing in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction.

Shuang Wang, Chao Xu, Yuanman Yu, Jie Li, Tianwu Chen, Jing Wang, Changsheng Liu

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Bioactive materials, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
9citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

9 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Review
  2. Nanoparticle-integrated smart hydrogel with HJournal of nanobiotechnology · 2026
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  3. Article
  4. Review
  5. Article
  6. Article
  7. Review
  8. Article
  9. The Potential ofInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2025
    Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

7 authors.

Shuang WangKey Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, Engineering Research Center for Biomedical Materials of the Ministry of Education, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, PR China.
Chao XuCollege of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan, 430200, PR China.
Yuanman YuKey Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, Engineering Research Center for Biomedical Materials of the Ministry of Education, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, PR China.
Jie LiKey Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, Engineering Research Center for Biomedical Materials of the Ministry of Education, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, PR China.
Tianwu ChenSports Medicine Department, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, PR China.
Jing WangKey Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, The State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, PR China.
Changsheng LiuKey Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, Engineering Research Center for Biomedical Materials of the Ministry of Education, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, PR China.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) artificial ligaments are widely used in anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction due to their high tensile strength. However, bone tunnel enlargement around PET ligaments poses a risk for surgical failure. PET's inert surface, lower bioactivity, and mechanical abrasion trigger an M1 macrophage-mediated inflammatory response, leading to excessive, disorganized scar tissue. This scar tissue creates a space-occupying effect at the interface, obstructing graft-bone integration and contributing to bone tunnel enlargement. To address this issue, we developed a multi-layered immune-regulating hydrogel coating for scar-free PET-bone integration. Comprising gelatin methacrylate (GelMA), polyethyleneglycol diacrylate (PEGDA), and sulfated polysaccharide (SCS), the hydrogel forms a hydrogen-bonded lubricating layer to reduce friction. The sustained release of SCS also down-regulates M1 macrophage polarization, inhibiting early scar formation. By eliminating the space-occupying effect of scar tissue, SCS subsequently promotes M2 macrophage polarization. This shift releases endogenous factors that enhance blood vessel formation and new bone growth, ultimately achieving high-quality graft-bone integration. The application of this multi-layered, inflammation-modulating hydrogel coating not only removes scar tissue barriers but also improves graft-bone integration through enhanced angiogenesis and osteogenesis. Moreover, it avoids the overuse of exogenous growth factors and potential complications, offering a more convenient and feasible therapeutic strategy.

Indexed as

AngiogenesisAnterior cruciate ligamentMacrophagesOsteogenesisScar tissue

Identifiers

PMID39624422
PMCPMC11609481

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.