ArticleEndocrine2025
Comparative evaluation of ChatGPT-4, ChatGPT-3.5 and Google Gemini on PCOS assessment and management based on recommendations from the 2023 guideline.
Article in Endocrine, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
11 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Artificial intelligence in polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review of diagnostic and predictive applications.BMC medical informatics and decision making · 2025Pooled it
- Comparison of the readability of ChatGPT and Bard in medical communication: a meta-analysis.BMC medical informatics and decision making · 2025Pooled it
- Artificial intelligence in polycystic ovarian syndrome management: past, present, and future.La Radiologia medica · 2025Pooled it
- Laboratory Medicine Decision Support-Beyond Exam Passing: A Blinded 100-Case Text-Based Benchmark of Diagnostic Accuracy, Management Quality, and Safety for ChatGPT, Gemini, and DeepSeek-LLM Decision Support in Laboratory Medicine.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Three large language models demonstrate competitive performance in Traditional Chinese Medicine national medical licensing examinations over two years.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Promise and pitfalls of AI chatbots in complex decision-making for thyroid nodules and papillary thyroid cancer.European thyroid journal · 2026Article
- Assessing the informatics utility of artificial intelligence chatbots for patient and clinician support: the case of adrenal incidentaloma.Endocrine · 2026Article
- AutoPCOS: a stepwise multimodal intelligent framework for polycystic ovary syndrome risk stratification and diagnostic support.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026Article
- Artificial intelligence in endocrine practice: comparing ChatGPT, Gemini, and Claude for adrenal incidentaloma care.Journal of endocrinological investigation · 2026Article
- ChatGPT-4o as a digital health tool for diabetes technology education: insights on reliability, quality, and readability.Endocrine · 2025Article
- Assessing ChatGPT vs. evidence-based online responses for polycystic ovary syndrome self-management and education: an international cross-sectional blinded survey of healthcare professionals.Frontiers in digital health · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
contextArtificial intelligence (AI) is increasingly utilized in healthcare, with models like ChatGPT and Google Gemini gaining global popularity. Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a prevalent condition that requires both lifestyle modifications and medical treatment, highlighting the critical need for effective patient education. This study compares the responses of ChatGPT-4, ChatGPT-3.5 and Gemini to PCOS-related questions using the latest guideline. Evaluating AI's integration into patient education necessitates assessing response quality, reliability, readability and effectiveness in managing PCOS. PURPOSE: To evaluate the accuracy, quality, readability and tendency to hallucinate of ChatGPT-4, ChatGPT-3.5 and Gemini's responses to questions about PCOS, its assessment and management based on recommendations from the current international PCOS guideline.
methodsThis cross-sectional study assessed ChatGPT-4, ChatGPT-3.5, and Gemini's responses to PCOS-related questions created by endocrinologists using the latest guidelines and common patient queries. Experts evaluated the responses for accuracy, quality and tendency to hallucinate using Likert scales, while readability was analyzed using standard formulas.
resultsChatGPT-4 and ChatGPT-3.5 attained higher scores in accuracy and quality compared to Gemini (p = 0.001, p < 0.001 and p = 0.007, p < 0.001 respectively). However, Gemini obtained a higher readability score compared to the other chatbots (p < 0.001). There was a significant difference between the tendency to hallucinate scores, which were due to the lower scores in Gemini (p = 0.003).
conclusionThe high accuracy and quality of responses provided by ChatGPT-4 and 3.5 to questions about PCOS suggest that they could be supportive in clinical practice. Future technological advancements may facilitate the use of artificial intelligence in both educating patients with PCOS and supporting the management of the disorder.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.