Spatiotemporal prediction of alpine wetlands under multi-climate scenarios in the west of Sichuan, China.

Background: The alpine wetlands in western Sichuan are distributed along the eastern section of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP), where the ecological environment is fragile and highly sensitive to global climate change. These wetlands are already experiencing severe ecological and environmental issues, such as drought, retrogressive succession, and desertification. However, due to the limitations of computational models, previous studies have been unable to adequately understand the spatiotemporal change trends of these alpine wetlands. Methods: We employed a large sample and composite supervised classification algorithms to classify alpine wetlands and generate wetland maps, based on the Google Earth Engine cloud computing platform. The thematic maps were then grid-sampled for predictive modeling of future wetland changes. Four species distribution models (SDMs), BIOCLIM, DOMAIN, MAXENT, and GARP were innovatively introduced. Using the WorldClim dataset as environmental variables, we predicted the future distribution of wetlands in western Sichuan under multiple climate scenarios. Results: The Kappa coefficients for Landsat 8 and Sentinel 2 were 0.89 and 0.91, respectively. Among the four SDMs, MAXENT achieved a higher accuracy (α = 91.6%) for the actual wetland compared to the thematic overlay analysis. The area under the curve (AUC) of the MAXENT model simulations for wetland spatial distribution were all greater than 0.80. This suggests that incorporating the SDM model into land change simulations has high generalizability and significant advantages on a large scale. Furthermore, simulation results reveal that between 2021 and 2100 years, with increasing emission concentrations, highly suitable areas for wetland development exhibit significant spatial differentiation. In particular, wetland areas in high-altitude regions are expected to increase, while low-altitude regions will markedly shrink. The changes in the future spatial distribution of wetlands show a high level of consistency with historical climate changes, with warming being the main driving force behind the spatiotemporal changes in alpine wetlands in western Sichuan, especially evident in the central high-altitude and northern low-altitude areas.