ArticleHealth services research2025
Long COVID and financial hardship: A disaggregated analysis at income and education levels.
Article in Health services research, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
8 citing papers in PubMed.
- Relationships Among COVID-19 Contraction, Job Loss, and Food Insecurity in American Indian and Alaska Native Peoples.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2026Article
- Long COVID and Subjective Wellbeing among U.S. Working-Age Adults.Research square · 2026Article
- Identifying Long Covid phenotypes and their association with personal characteristics, healthcare use, and daily life burden: population-based study in Belgium.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Housing Insecurity and Threats of Utility Shut-Offs Among Cancer Survivors in the United States, BRFSS 2022-2023.Cancer medicine · 2025Article
- Pre-pandemic lifestyle patterns and mental health outcomes among people reporting post-acute sequelae of COVID-19: evidence from a Slovenian population-based sample.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Economic burden of long COVID: macroeconomic, cost-of-illness and microeconomic impacts.NPJ primary care respiratory medicine · 2025Review
- Trends in access to primary care among Canadian older adults before, during, and following the COVID-19 public health emergency.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Long COVID and financial hardship: A disaggregated analysis at income and education levels.Health services research · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
Abstract
objectivesTo examine how long COVID is associated with financial hardship (food insecurity, inability to pay bills, or threat of losing service) across income and education levels, and to assess the role of employment loss or reduced work hours in this hardship. DATA SOURCE AND STUDY
settingWe used nationally representative data on 271,076 adults from the 2022 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS). STUDY
designWe used multivariable binomial logistic regression models to estimate the average marginal effect of long COVID on financial hardships across multiple income and education groups. PRINCIPAL
findingsIn general, we found a significant positive association between long COVID and the three measures of financial hardships across income and education groups (1-11 percentage points increase, 95% CI 0.00-0.02 and 0.07-0.14, respectively). Mediation analysis showed that lost or reduced hours of employment accounted for a significant portion (6%-20%) of the changes in financial distress.
conclusionsLong COVID has affected the economic wellbeing of people from all socioeconomic statuses, although at a higher rate for lower income groups. Policy attention is needed to address its economic impacts across income and education levels.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.