ReviewBioelectronic medicine2024
Clinical trials in neuromodulatory treatment of drug-resistant hypertension and the need for spinal cord stimulation trials: a PRISMA systematic review.
Review in Bioelectronic medicine, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Pediatric migraine: Neurodevelopmental mechanisms, clinical phenotypes, and modern therapeutics.World journal of clinical pediatrics · 2026Review
- Neural Interfaces for Bioelectronic Medicine.Bioelectronic medicine · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundDrug-resistant hypertension affects approximately 9-18% of the United States hypertensive population. Recognized as hypertension that is resistant to three or more medications, drug-resistant hypertension can lead to fatal sequelae, such as heart failure, aortic dissection, and other vast systemic disease. The disruption of the homeostatic mechanisms that stabilize blood pressure can be treated procedurally when medication fails. These procedures include carotid body stimulation, renal denervation, sympathectomies, dorsal root ganglia stimulation, and more recently spinal cord stimulation and have all been utilized in the treatment of drug-resistant hypertension.
methodsTo identify the clinical trials of neuromodulation in drug-resistant hypertension, a PubMed search was performed that included all original clinical trials of neuromodulation treating drug-resistant hypertension. The 838 articles found were sorted using Covidence to find 33 unique primary clinical trials. There were no methods used to assess risk of bias as a meta-analysis was not feasible due to heterogeneity.
resultsRenal denervation and carotid body stimulation have both shown promising results with multiple clinical trials, while sympathectomies have mostly been retired due to the irreversible adverse effects caused. Dorsal root ganglion stimulation showed varying success rates. Spinal cord stimulation is a novel treatment of drug-resistant hypertension that shows promising initial results but requires further investigation and prospective studies of the treatment to provide guidelines for future DRH treatment. The limitations of the review are reporting bias and absence of a meta-analysis that compares the treatment modality due to the heterogeneity of reported outcomes.
conclusionInnovation in neuromodulation is necessary to provide alternative avenues of treatment in the face of contraindications for standard treatment. Treatment of drug-resistant hypertension is essential to delay dangerous sequelae. This review's objective is to summarize the clinical trials for treatment of drug-resistant hypertension following PRISMA guidelines and suggests future directions in the treatment of drug-resistant hypertension.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.