Therapeutic role of naringin in cancer: molecular pathways, synergy with other agents, and nanocarrier innovations.

Naringin, a flavanone glycoside found abundantly in citrus fruits, is well-known for its various pharmacological properties, particularly its significant anticancer effects. Research, both in vitro and in vivo, has shown that naringin is effective against several types of cancer, including liver, breast, thyroid, prostate, colon, bladder, cervical, lung, ovarian, brain, melanoma, and leukemia. Its anticancer properties are mediated through multiple mechanisms, such as apoptosis induction, inhibition of cell proliferation, cell cycle arrest, and suppression of angiogenesis, metastasis, and invasion, all while exhibiting minimal toxicity and adverse effects. Naringin's molecular mechanisms involve the modulation of essential signaling pathways, including PI3K/Akt/mTOR, FAK/MMPs, FAK/bads, FAKp-Try397, IKKs/IB/NF-κB, JNK, ERK, β-catenin, p21CIPI/WAFI, and p38-MAPK. Additionally, it targets several signaling proteins, such as Bax, TNF-α, Zeb1, Bcl-2, caspases, VEGF, COX-2, VCAM-1, and interleukins, contributing to its wide-ranging antitumor effects. The remarkable therapeutic potential of naringin, along with its favorable safety profile, highlights its promise as a candidate for cancer treatment. This comprehensive review examines the molecular mechanisms behind naringin's chemopreventive and anticancer effects, including its pharmacokinetics and bioavailability. Furthermore, it discusses advancements in nanocarrier technologies designed to enhance these characteristics and explores the synergistic benefits of combining naringin with other anticancer agents, focusing on improved therapeutic efficacy and drug bioavailability.