SynthesisMolecular cancer2024
PD-1/PD-L1 immune checkpoint blockade in breast cancer: research insights and sensitization strategies.
Synthesis in Molecular cancer, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 93 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
93 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors plus chemotherapy versus chemotherapy alone for Asian patients with advanced triple-negative breast cancer: a phase III RCTs based meta-analysis.Frontiers in oncology · 2025Pooled it
- CD112 Lactylation Drives Dual Immune Evasion From CD8+ T Cells and NK Cells.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- Reprogramming the tumor microenvironment with oxygen-driven nanomotors for cuproptosis-enhanced immunotherapy.Materials today. Bio · 2026Article
- Natural Product-Based Nanomedicine in the Treatment of Breast Cancer.Pharmaceutics · 2026Review
- DTX3 promotes anti-tumor immunity by inducing PD-L1 ubiquitination and is suppressed by p65/miR-222 in bladder cancer.Oncogene · 2026Article
- CXCL12 upregulates PD-L1 expression and promotes M2 polarisation of tumour-associated macrophages to confer anti-PD-1 resistance in gastric cancer.Gastric cancer : official journal of the International Gastric Cancer Association and the Japanese Gastric Cancer Association · 2026Article
- FUNDC1-mediated mitochondrial quality control protects against immune checkpoint inhibitor-associated cardiac injury.Immunologic research · 2026Article
- PTX3 induces the expression of PD-L1 and promotes breast cancer immune escape.Breast cancer (Tokyo, Japan) · 2026Article
- Universal off-the-shelf TGF-Acta pharmaceutica Sinica. B · 2026Article
- Harnessing immunity against breast cancer: from checkpoints to cell therapies.Journal of translational medicine · 2026Review
- PD-L1 and PD-L2 regulate in cell-autonomous and N-glycosylation-dependent manners the pro-tumorigenic characteristics and functions of human cancer-associated fibroblasts.Molecular medicine (Cambridge, Mass.) · 2026Article
- T Cell-Independent Role of PD-L1 in Kidney Repair: Mitigation of Tubular DNA Damage via PD-L1/BRCA1 Interaction Following AKI.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- Review
- Flavonoid-modulated JAK-STAT signaling mitigates malignant transformation and drug resistance in breast tumors: A clinically relevant 3PM-guided innovation.Journal of advanced research · 2026Review
- Comprehensive bioinformatics analysis identifies DNA methylation signatures associated with immune evasion and predicts immunotherapy response in breast cancer.Translational cancer research · 2026Article
- Tumor-Induced Splenic Remodeling: Mechanisms of Systemic Immunosuppression and Emerging Therapeutic Opportunities.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Review
- Review
- Combination Immunotherapy as a Promising Strategy to Overcome Immunotherapy Resistance: From Emergence to Next-Generation Approaches.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Review
- Triple-Negative Breast Cancer: Molecular Subtypes; Immune Escape; Limitations of Current Immunotherapy; and the BTLA/HVEM/CD160 Axis as an Emerging Target.Current issues in molecular biology · 2026Review
- Supramolecular co-assembly of platycodin-d-loaded iron nanocomposite enhances hepatocellular carcinoma immunotherapy with synergistic ferroptosis-photo-chemotherapy.Mikrochimica acta · 2026Article
33 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
12 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Immunotherapy targeting programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) and PD-L1 immune checkpoints has reshaped treatment paradigms across several cancers, including breast cancer. Combining PD-1/PD-L1 immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) with chemotherapy has shown promising efficacy in both early and metastatic triple-negative breast cancer, although only a subset of patients experiences durable responses. Identifying responders and optimizing immune drug selection are therefore critical. The effectiveness of PD-1/PD-L1 immunotherapy depends on both tumor-intrinsic factors and the extrinsic cell-cell interactions within the tumor microenvironment (TME). This review systematically summarizes the key findings from clinical trials of ICBs in breast cancer and examines the mechanisms underlying PD-L1 expression regulation. We also highlight recent advances in identifying potential biomarkers for PD-1/PD-L1 therapy and emerging evidence of TME alterations following treatment. Among these, the quantity, immunophenotype, and spatial distribution of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes stand out as promising biomarkers. Additionally, we explore strategies to enhance the effectiveness of ICBs in breast cancer, aiming to support the development of personalized treatment approaches tailored to the unique characteristics of each patient's tumor.
Indexed as
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.