Women's exposure to commercial milk formula marketing: a WHO multi-country market research study.

backgroundMarketing of commercial milk formula (CMF) is well resourced and has influenced societal beliefs and practices that have undermined breastfeeding. This has occurred despite legislation in many countries largely reflecting the provisions of the International Code of Marketing of Breast-milk Substitutes.

methodsA cross-sectional survey was conducted in seven countries: Bangladesh, Mexico, Morocco, Nigeria, South Africa, United Kingdom and Viet Nam to explore the scope and nature of CMF marketing among pregnant women and mothers. A marketing-research methodology was adopted using convenience sampling of women stratified according to infant feeding practices and the infant's age. Participants were identified in hospitals and clinics, as well as in the street, markets and shopping malls. In each country the sample size comprised 300 pregnant women, 150 mothers of children aged > 18 months who were breastfeeding without giving CMF and 600 women feeding their children with CMF. Data were collected using a questionnaire administered on tablets by trained field workers.

resultsInterviews were conducted with 8528 women between October 2019 and March 2021. Overall, 3095/7480 (41.3%) of women reported exposure to CMF marketing ranging from 3% in Morocco to 92% in Viet Nam. The commonest marketing site in all countries was television, but advertising in-store and in magazines and newspapers was also common. In most countries, CMF advertising on social media, websites and YouTube was less compared to traditional media. Reports of receiving free CMF samples varied from 3.1% in Nigeria to 34.6% in Viet Nam. Health professionals were the most common source of advice to mothers about starting CMF and which CMF brand to use.

conclusionsThe study provides quantitative data about CMF marketing and insights on how marketing companies develop effective messages, helping to explain how individual vulnerabilities or aspirations are integrated into marketing strategies. The findings reaffirm the need for action across political and health domains to counter actions of CMF companies. This will require effective national legislation fully reflecting the Code and action by professional bodies to protect health professionals from targeting by CMF marketing. Marketing-research methods could be employed to develop messaging in support of breastfeeding and breastfeeding-friendly policies.